The present invention is a polyvalent ammonium salt compound having two or more ammonium ions per molecule, the polyvalent ammonium salt compound being represented by the following general formula (A-1). This can provide: a composition for forming a silicon-containing resist underlayer film with which it is possible to form a silicon-containing resist underlayer film that has an appropriate etching rate and can improve LWR and CDU in an ultra-fine pattern in a multilayer resist method; a polyvalent ammonium salt compound to be contained in the composition; and a patterning process using the composition.

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A process for the conversion of glycolaldehyde with an aminating agent in the presence of hy-5 drogen and of a catalyst, wherein the conversion is carried out in the gas phase.

A process for the conversion of glycolaldehyde with an aminating agent in the presence of hy-5 drogen and of a catalyst, wherein the conversion is carried out in the gas phase.

The present invention is directed to compounds represented by the formula (I): wherein R.sub.1 comprises a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms, wherein R.sub.2 comprises an alkylene group, an arylene group, or a heterocyclic group. The three R.sub.2 groups may be the same or different, wherein A comprises an alkyl, an aryl, or an alkylaryl group. The three A groups may be the same or different. ##STR00001##

The present invention is directed to compounds represented by the formula (I): wherein R.sub.1 comprises a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms, wherein R.sub.2 comprises an alkylene group, an arylene group, or a heterocyclic group. The three R.sub.2 groups may be the same or different, wherein A comprises an alkyl, an aryl, or an alkylaryl group. The three A groups may be the same or different. ##STR00001##

Compositions comprising mRNA, self-amplifying mRNA (sa-mRNA), modified mRNA, or circular RNA constructs comprising a gene-of-interest, and lipids and LNPs for use in therapy are disclosed. A method of delivering a payload to immune cells ex vivo by contacting immune cells with a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulating a payload encoding at least one polypeptide of interest, wherein the polypeptide of interest is an antigen receptor or an antibody.

Compositions comprising mRNA, self-amplifying mRNA (sa-mRNA), modified mRNA, or circular RNA constructs comprising a gene-of-interest, and lipids and LNPs for use in therapy are disclosed. A method of delivering a payload to immune cells ex vivo by contacting immune cells with a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulating a payload encoding at least one polypeptide of interest, wherein the polypeptide of interest is an antigen receptor or an antibody.

A process for the manufacture of ethyleneamines and ethanolamines, comprising the steps of (i) converting a glycolaldehyde derivative of formula (II), in which R.sup.2, R.sup.3 arethe same or differenthydrogen, alkyl, such as C.sub.1-6-alkyl, or cycloalkyl such as Cs-e-cycloalkyl; and an animating agent of formula (III); in which R1 is hydrogen (H), alkyl, such as C.sub.1-6-alkyl, or cycloalkyl such as C.sub.3-6-cycloalkyl, in the gas or liquid phase; (ii) feeding the reaction products obtained in step (i) into a hydrogenation reactor, where the reaction products are converted with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. ##STR00001##

A process for the manufacture of ethyleneamines and ethanolamines, comprising the steps of (i) converting a glycolaldehyde derivative of formula (II), in which R.sup.2, R.sup.3 arethe same or differenthydrogen, alkyl, such as C.sub.1-6-alkyl, or cycloalkyl such as Cs-e-cycloalkyl; and an animating agent of formula (III); in which R1 is hydrogen (H), alkyl, such as C.sub.1-6-alkyl, or cycloalkyl such as C.sub.3-6-cycloalkyl, in the gas or liquid phase; (ii) feeding the reaction products obtained in step (i) into a hydrogenation reactor, where the reaction products are converted with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. ##STR00001##