The present invention relates to a RuPd bimetallic catalyst for use in hydrogenation of a compound, and more particularly to a catalyst prepared by loading both ruthenium and palladium on a g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 support and to a selective hydrogenation process of a pyridine group in a reaction system containing both a pyridine group and a benzene group using the catalyst.

The present invention provides compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4a and R.sup.4b are as defined in the specification, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in therapy.

The present invention provides a nitrogen-containing saturated heterocyclic compound of the formula [I]: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 is a cycloalkyl group and the like, R.sup.22 is an optionally substituted aryl and the like, R is a lower alkyl and the like, T is a carbonyl group, Z is O and the like, and R.sup.3 to R.sup.6 are the same or different and a hydrogen atom and the like; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, that is useful as a renin inhibitor.

The present invention describes a synergistic composition comprising of one or more statins, or one or more dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor or one or more biguanide antihyperglycaemic agent and a PPAR agonist of formula (Ia) for the treatment of diabetes, especially non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) or Type 2 diabetes and conditions associated with diabetes mellitus and to compositions suitable for use in such method. The invention also describes the preparation of such compositions. The present invention also relates to certain novel salts of the PPAR agonist of formula (I), processes for the preparation of these novel salts and use thereof.

##STR00001##

The present invention describes a synergistic composition comprising of one or more statins, or one or more dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor or one or more biguanide antihyperglycaemic agent and a PPAR agonist of formula (Ia) for the treatment of diabetes, especially non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) or Type 2 diabetes and conditions associated with diabetes mellitus and to compositions suitable for use in such method. The invention also describes the preparation of such compositions. The present invention also relates to certain novel salts of the PPAR agonist of formula (I), processes for the preparation of these novel salts and use thereof.

##STR00001##

Provided herein are compounds of formula (A): or a stereoisomer or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing, wherein X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c, L, Q, and Y are as defined herein. Also provided are methods of N inhibiting APOL1 and methods of preparing compounds of formula (A). Also provided are methods of inhibiting APOL1 and methods of treating an APOL1-mediated disease, disorder, or condition in an individual.

##STR00001##

Provided herein are compounds of formula (A): or a stereoisomer or tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing, wherein X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c, L, Q, and Y are as defined herein. Also provided are methods of N inhibiting APOL1 and methods of preparing compounds of formula (A). Also provided are methods of inhibiting APOL1 and methods of treating an APOL1-mediated disease, disorder, or condition in an individual.

##STR00001##

Novel 1-oxa-4-azonium cyclohexane salts are described. These compounds can be used as structure directing agents, and they overcome many of the typical problems associated with OSDA synthesis and subsequent zeolite synthesis. Methods for synthesis of the 1-oxa-4-azonium cyclohexane salts from a variety of starting materials are also described. A substituted hydrocarbon is added to water to form a mixture, and a 1-oxa-4-azacyclohexane derivative is then added. The reaction mixture stirred until a solution containing the 1-oxa-4-azonium cyclohexane salt is obtained.

Novel 1-oxa-4-azonium cyclohexane salts are described. These compounds can be used as structure directing agents, and they overcome many of the typical problems associated with OSDA synthesis and subsequent zeolite synthesis. Methods for synthesis of the 1-oxa-4-azonium cyclohexane salts from a variety of starting materials are also described. A substituted hydrocarbon is added to water to form a mixture, and a 1-oxa-4-azacyclohexane derivative is then added. The reaction mixture stirred until a solution containing the 1-oxa-4-azonium cyclohexane salt is obtained.

Novel 1-oxa-4-azonium cyclohexane salts are described. These compounds can be used as structure directing agents, and they overcome many of the typical problems associated with OSDA synthesis and subsequent zeolite synthesis. Methods for synthesis of the 1-oxa-4-azonium cyclohexane salts from a variety of starting materials are also described. A substituted hydrocarbon is added to water to form a mixture, and a 1-oxa-4-azacyclohexane derivative is then added. The reaction mixture stirred until a solution containing the 1-oxa-4-azonium cyclohexane salt is obtained.