Disclosed are isochromane and related compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds. Methods of treating neurological or psychiatric disease and disorders in a subject in need are also disclosed.

Disclosed are isochromane and related compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds. Methods of treating neurological or psychiatric disease and disorders in a subject in need are also disclosed.

A method for extracting active ingredient(s) from a raw material to be extracted is provided. The method comprises the following steps: (1) mixing a raw material to be extracted with an aqueous solvent to provide a mixture; (2) conducting a homogenization to the mixture to obtain a first extract with active ingredient(s); and (3) conducting a high pressure homogenization to the first extract to obtain a second extract with active ingredient(s), wherein the homogenization in step (2) is conducted at a temperature ranging from normal temperature to 100 C.

A method for extracting active ingredient(s) from a raw material to be extracted is provided. The method comprises the following steps: (1) mixing a raw material to be extracted with an aqueous solvent to provide a mixture; (2) conducting a homogenization to the mixture to obtain a first extract with active ingredient(s); and (3) conducting a high pressure homogenization to the first extract to obtain a second extract with active ingredient(s), wherein the homogenization in step (2) is conducted at a temperature ranging from normal temperature to 100 C.

The present specification provides a di-polycyclic compound, and a polymer chain consisting of alternating electron donor compounds and electron acceptor compounds, which include the di-polycyclic compound.

The present specification provides a di-polycyclic compound, and a polymer chain consisting of alternating electron donor compounds and electron acceptor compounds, which include the di-polycyclic compound.

Reactions that directly install nitrogen into CH bonds of complex molecules are significant because of their potential to change the chemical and biological properties of a given compound. Selective intramolecular CH amination reactions that achieve high levels of reactivity, while maintaining excellent site-selectivity and functional-group tolerance is a challenging problem. Herein is reported a manganese perchlorophthalocyanine catalyst [Mn.sup.III(ClPc)] for intermolecular benzylic CH amination of bioactive molecules and natural products that proceeds with unprecedented levels of reactivity and site-selectivity. In the presence of Brnsted or Lewis acid, the [Mn.sup.III(ClPc)]-catalyzed CH amination demonstrates unique tolerance for tertiary amine, pyridine and benzimidazole functionalities. Mechanistic studies indicate that CH amination proceeds through an electrophilic metallonitrene intermediate via a stepwise pathway where CH cleavage is the rate-determining step of the reaction. Collectively these mechanistic features contrast previous base-metal catalyzed CH aminations.

Reactions that directly install nitrogen into CH bonds of complex molecules are significant because of their potential to change the chemical and biological properties of a given compound. Selective intramolecular CH amination reactions that achieve high levels of reactivity, while maintaining excellent site-selectivity and functional-group tolerance is a challenging problem. Herein is reported a manganese perchlorophthalocyanine catalyst [Mn.sup.III(ClPc)] for intermolecular benzylic CH amination of bioactive molecules and natural products that proceeds with unprecedented levels of reactivity and site-selectivity. In the presence of Brnsted or Lewis acid, the [Mn.sup.III(ClPc)]-catalyzed CH amination demonstrates unique tolerance for tertiary amine, pyridine and benzimidazole functionalities. Mechanistic studies indicate that CH amination proceeds through an electrophilic metallonitrene intermediate via a stepwise pathway where CH cleavage is the rate-determining step of the reaction. Collectively these mechanistic features contrast previous base-metal catalyzed CH aminations.

Disclosed are compounds of Formulas (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V):

##STR00001##

and/or a salt thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is OH or OP(O)(OH).sub.2, and X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, R.sub.2, R.sub.2a, R.sub.a, R.sub.b, and R.sub.c are defined herein. Also disclosed are methods of using such compounds as selective agonists for G protein-coupled receptor S1P.sub.1, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. These compounds are useful in treating, preventing, or slowing the progression of diseases or disorders in a variety of therapeutic areas, such as autoimmune diseases and vascular disease.

Disclosed are compounds of Formulas (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V):

##STR00001##

and/or a salt thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is OH or OP(O)(OH).sub.2, and X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, R.sub.2, R.sub.2a, R.sub.a, R.sub.b, and R.sub.c are defined herein. Also disclosed are methods of using such compounds as selective agonists for G protein-coupled receptor S1P.sub.1, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. These compounds are useful in treating, preventing, or slowing the progression of diseases or disorders in a variety of therapeutic areas, such as autoimmune diseases and vascular disease.