The invention provides methods and compositions relating to an ultrapure formulation of 5-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-resorcinol (ultrapure DMHR). The invention features methods for making ultrapure DMHR, including methods that minimize the production of unwanted side products (e.g., the production of homologous alkyl-chain impurities). The invention also features methods of making cannabinoids, such as (6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-2-octanyl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene-9-carboxylic acid (ajulemic acid), using ultrapure DMHR, including methods that minimize the production of unwanted side products (e.g., the production of homologous alkyl-chain impurities) in the resulting cannabinoid preparation.

The invention provides methods and compositions relating to an ultrapure formulation of 5-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-resorcinol (ultrapure DMHR). The invention features methods for making ultrapure DMHR, including methods that minimize the production of unwanted side products (e.g., the production of homologous alkyl-chain impurities). The invention also features methods of making cannabinoids, such as (6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-2-octanyl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene-9-carboxylic acid (ajulemic acid), using ultrapure DMHR, including methods that minimize the production of unwanted side products (e.g., the production of homologous alkyl-chain impurities) in the resulting cannabinoid preparation.

A process for the preparation of substantially pure diverse known and novel cannabinoids 1 and 2, which include Δ.sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol (7), tetrahydrocannabivarin (9), cannabidiol (11), cannabidivarin (12) and other naturally occurring tetracyclic and tricyclic cannabinoids and other synthetic tetracyclic and tricyclic analogues, via intermediates 3, 6, 4 and 5, using a cascade sequence of allylic rearrangement, aromatization and, for the tetracyclic cannabinoids, further highly stereoselective and regioselective cyclization. These synthesized cannabinoids can more easily be obtained at high purity levels than cannabinoids isolated or synthesized via known methods. The cannabinoids 2, including Δ.sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol (7), tetrahydrocannabivarin (9), are obtained containing very low levels of isomeric cannabinoids such as the undesirable Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol. The known and novel analogues with variation in aromatic ring substituents, whilst easily synthesized with the new methodology, would be much more difficult to make from any of the components of cannabis or cannabis oil.

A process for the preparation of substantially pure diverse known and novel cannabinoids 1 and 2, which include Δ.sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol (7), tetrahydrocannabivarin (9), cannabidiol (11), cannabidivarin (12) and other naturally occurring tetracyclic and tricyclic cannabinoids and other synthetic tetracyclic and tricyclic analogues, via intermediates 3, 6, 4 and 5, using a cascade sequence of allylic rearrangement, aromatization and, for the tetracyclic cannabinoids, further highly stereoselective and regioselective cyclization. These synthesized cannabinoids can more easily be obtained at high purity levels than cannabinoids isolated or synthesized via known methods. The cannabinoids 2, including Δ.sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol (7), tetrahydrocannabivarin (9), are obtained containing very low levels of isomeric cannabinoids such as the undesirable Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol. The known and novel analogues with variation in aromatic ring substituents, whilst easily synthesized with the new methodology, would be much more difficult to make from any of the components of cannabis or cannabis oil.

The present invention relates to one or more arylnaphthalene lignan(s), in particular, comfreyn A, and a pharmaceutic composition comprising it. Comfreyn A was isolated from a preparation of comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) roots and was found to reduce inflammation by interfering with pro-inflammatory gene expression. In particular, it inhibited E-selectine expression in interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-induced HUVEC cells.

The present invention relates to one or more arylnaphthalene lignan(s), in particular, comfreyn A, and a pharmaceutic composition comprising it. Comfreyn A was isolated from a preparation of comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) roots and was found to reduce inflammation by interfering with pro-inflammatory gene expression. In particular, it inhibited E-selectine expression in interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-induced HUVEC cells.

Systems and methods of extracting compounds from botanical matter are provided. The system includes: a solvent source; an extraction vessel which receives botanical matter from which compounds, including at least one target compound are extracted into a solution; a detector that obtains real time information the compounds; a separation vessel for separating the target compound from the solution; a throttle located between the extraction vessel and the separation vessel for controlling flow of the solution; and a controller connected to the detector and the at the throttle for receiving and processing the real time information and controlling, via the throttle, flow rate of the solution from the extraction vessel to the separation vessel based at least partly on the processed real time information about the compounds.

Systems and methods of extracting compounds from botanical matter are provided. The system includes: a solvent source; an extraction vessel which receives botanical matter from which compounds, including at least one target compound are extracted into a solution; a detector that obtains real time information the compounds; a separation vessel for separating the target compound from the solution; a throttle located between the extraction vessel and the separation vessel for controlling flow of the solution; and a controller connected to the detector and the at the throttle for receiving and processing the real time information and controlling, via the throttle, flow rate of the solution from the extraction vessel to the separation vessel based at least partly on the processed real time information about the compounds.

The present disclosure is directed to methods for the treatment of inflammation or pain, particularly methods using compositions containing a compound of formula (I).

Spent cannabis biomass is heated in stages, the first to remove water and volatile components, and the second to reclaim leftover cannabinoids. During a third, higher temperature stage, the biomass is subjected to a CO.sub.2 and/or water vapor treatment in order to obtain activated carbon with a desired porosity level.