The present invention provides lipids that are advantageously used in lipid particles for the in vivo delivery of therapeutic agents to cells. In particular, the invention provides lipids having the following structure ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently for each occurrence optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkynyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 acyl, or -linker-ligand; R.sub.3 is H, optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkynyl, alkylhetrocycle, alkylphosphate, alkylphosphorothioate, alkylphosphorodithioate, alkylphosphonates, alkylamines, hydroxyalkyls, -aminoalkyls, -(substituted)aminoalkyls, -phosphoalkyls, -thiophosphoalkyls, optionally substituted polyethylene glycol (PEG, mw 100-40 K), optionally substituted mPEG (mw 120-40 K), heteroaryl, heterocycle, or linker-ligand; E is O, S, N(Q), C(O), N(Q)C(O), C(O)N(Q), (Q)N(CO)O, O(CO)N(Q), S(O), NS(O).sub.2N(Q), S(O).sub.2, N(Q)S(O).sub.2, SS, ON, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclic or heterocycle; and, Q is H, alkyl, -aminoalkyl, -(substituted)aminoalky, -phosphoalkyl or -thiophosphoalkyl.

Processes for the preparation of 4-amino-1-((1S,4R,5S)-2-fluoro-4,5-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-cyclopent-2-enyl)-1H-pyrimidin-2-one (13, RX-3117) and its intermediates are described.

##STR00001##

Disclosed in the present invention is a method for preparing Ticagrelor (I), comprising the following steps: a cyclization reaction of 5-amino-1,4-di-substituted-1,2,3-triazole (II) and dialkyl carbonate (HI), to obtain 9-substituted-2,6-dihydroxy-8-azapurine (IV); chlorination of intermediate (IV), to obtain 9-substituted-2,6-dichloro-8-azapurine (V); an amination reaction of intermediate (V) and trans-(1R,2S)-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine (VI) generates 9-substituted-6-amino-substituted-2-chloro-8-azapurine (VII); and a propanethiolation reaction of intermediate (VII) and propanethiol (VIII), to obtain Ticagrelor (I). The preparation method is simple in process, has a high chemical and chiral purity and provides a new preparation method for industrializing Ticagrelor. In addition, also provided in the present invention are intermediates of Ticagrelor and a preparation method thereof, wherein raw materials of the preparation method are easily available, the conditions thereof are mild, and the yield thereof is high.

Disclosed in the present invention is a method for preparing Ticagrelor (I), comprising the following steps: a cyclization reaction of 5-amino-1,4-di-substituted-1,2,3-triazole (II) and dialkyl carbonate (HI), to obtain 9-substituted-2,6-dihydroxy-8-azapurine (IV); chlorination of intermediate (IV), to obtain 9-substituted-2,6-dichloro-8-azapurine (V); an amination reaction of intermediate (V) and trans-(1R,2S)-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine (VI) generates 9-substituted-6-amino-substituted-2-chloro-8-azapurine (VII); and a propanethiolation reaction of intermediate (VII) and propanethiol (VIII), to obtain Ticagrelor (I). The preparation method is simple in process, has a high chemical and chiral purity and provides a new preparation method for industrializing Ticagrelor. In addition, also provided in the present invention are intermediates of Ticagrelor and a preparation method thereof, wherein raw materials of the preparation method are easily available, the conditions thereof are mild, and the yield thereof is high.

Provided are a novel metal catalyst for preparing cyclic carbonate, and a method for preparing cyclic carbonate using the same, and more particularly, a method for selectively preparing cyclic carbonate in a high yield and at a higher conversion rate as compared to the existing catalysts, using the metal complex including a ligand represented by Chemical Formula 1 below and a trivalent metal in Group 8 or Group 13 as a catalyst and using various structures of epoxide compounds and carbon dioxide as raw materials. In addition, provided are the prepared cyclic carbonate, and an electrolyte including the same:

##STR00001##

in Chemical Formula 1, R.sup.1 is hydrogen, (C1-C20)alkyl or halogen; R.sup.2 is hydrogen, (C1-C20)alkyl, (C1-C20)alkoxy, halogen or nitro.

Provided are a novel metal catalyst for preparing cyclic carbonate, and a method for preparing cyclic carbonate using the same, and more particularly, a method for selectively preparing cyclic carbonate in a high yield and at a higher conversion rate as compared to the existing catalysts, using the metal complex including a ligand represented by Chemical Formula 1 below and a trivalent metal in Group 8 or Group 13 as a catalyst and using various structures of epoxide compounds and carbon dioxide as raw materials. In addition, provided are the prepared cyclic carbonate, and an electrolyte including the same:

##STR00001##

in Chemical Formula 1, R.sup.1 is hydrogen, (C1-C20)alkyl or halogen; R.sup.2 is hydrogen, (C1-C20)alkyl, (C1-C20)alkoxy, halogen or nitro.

Processes for the preparation of 4-amino-1-((1S,4R,5S)-2-fluoro-4,5-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-cyclopent-2-enyl)-1H-pyrimidin-2-one (13, RX-3117) and its intermediates are described. ##STR00001##

Processes for the preparation of 4-amino-1-((1S,4R,5S)-2-fluoro-4,5-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-cyclopent-2-enyl)-1H-pyrimidin-2-one (13, RX-3117) and its intermediates are described. ##STR00001##

The present invention provides lipids that are advantageously used in lipid particles for the in vivo delivery of therapeutic agents to cells. In particular, the invention provides lipids having the following structure ##STR00001##
wherein: R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently for each occurrence optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkynyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 acyl, or -linker-ligand; R.sub.3 is H, optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkynyl, alkylhetrocycle, alkylphosphate, alkylphosphorothioate, alkylphosphorodithioate, alkylphosphonates, alkylamines, hydroxyalkyls, -aminoalkyls, -(substituted)aminoalkyls, -phosphoalkyls, -thiophosphoalkyls, optionally substituted polyethylene glycol (PEG, mw 100-40K), optionally substituted mPEG (mw 120-40K), heteroaryl, heterocycle, or linker-ligand; and E is C(O)O or OC(O).

The present invention provides lipids that are advantageously used in lipid particles for the in vivo delivery of therapeutic agents to cells. In particular, the invention provides lipids having the following structure ##STR00001##
wherein: R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently for each occurrence optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkynyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 acyl, or -linker-ligand; R.sub.3 is H, optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkynyl, alkylhetrocycle, alkylphosphate, alkylphosphorothioate, alkylphosphorodithioate, alkylphosphonates, alkylamines, hydroxyalkyls, -aminoalkyls, -(substituted)aminoalkyls, -phosphoalkyls, -thiophosphoalkyls, optionally substituted polyethylene glycol (PEG, mw 100-40K), optionally substituted mPEG (mw 120-40K), heteroaryl, heterocycle, or linker-ligand; and E is C(O)O or OC(O).