Provided is a process for producing a product having polyglycolic acid and glycolide from methyl glycolate. The process comprises esterification, polycondensation and optimization. Also provided are a product produced by the process and a method of changing the amount of the polyglycolic acid in the product by modifying the amount of an esterification catalyst and/or adjusting the reaction temperature.

The present invention provides, in part, a biodegradable compound of formula I, and sub-formulas thereof: Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where each X independently is O or S, each Y independently is O or S, and each R.sup.1 independently is defined herein; and a liposome composition comprising the cationic lipid of formula I or a sub-formula thereof, and methods of delivering agents, such as nucleic acids including mRNA, in vivo, by administering to a subject the liposome comprising the cationic lipid of formula I or a sub-formula thereof, where the agent is encapsulated within the liposome.

##STR00001##

The present invention provides, in part, a biodegradable compound of formula I, and sub-formulas thereof: Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where each X independently is O or S, each Y independently is O or S, and each R.sup.1 independently is defined herein; and a liposome composition comprising the cationic lipid of formula I or a sub-formula thereof, and methods of delivering agents, such as nucleic acids including mRNA, in vivo, by administering to a subject the liposome comprising the cationic lipid of formula I or a sub-formula thereof, where the agent is encapsulated within the liposome.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure provides, for example, a method that can produce a fluorolactone compound from hexafluoropropylene oxide or the like in a single step. The present disclosure relates to a method for producing a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein two R.sup.1 are the same and each is a fluorine atom or a fluoroalkyl group, the method comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by formula (2):

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.1 is as defined above, with a compound (3) represented by formula (3-1) or the like:

##STR00003##

wherein R.sup.31, R.sup.32, and R.sup.33 are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, or two of them are optionally linked to each other to form a ring optionally having one or more substituents,
in the presence of a fluorine compound (4) represented by formula (4-1) or the like:

MH.sub.nF.sub.m(4-1)

wherein M is a metal atom, n is 0 or 1, and the sum of the valence number of M and n is m, and
an organic solvent, provided that the compound represented by formula (3) is excluded from the organic solvent.

The present disclosure provides, for example, a method that can produce a fluorolactone compound from hexafluoropropylene oxide or the like in a single step. The present disclosure relates to a method for producing a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein two R.sup.1 are the same and each is a fluorine atom or a fluoroalkyl group, the method comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by formula (2):

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.1 is as defined above, with a compound (3) represented by formula (3-1) or the like:

##STR00003##

wherein R.sup.31, R.sup.32, and R.sup.33 are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, or two of them are optionally linked to each other to form a ring optionally having one or more substituents,
in the presence of a fluorine compound (4) represented by formula (4-1) or the like:

MH.sub.nF.sub.m(4-1)

wherein M is a metal atom, n is 0 or 1, and the sum of the valence number of M and n is m, and
an organic solvent, provided that the compound represented by formula (3) is excluded from the organic solvent.

Electrolytes and electrolyte additives for energy storage devices are disclosed. The energy storage device comprises a first electrode and a second electrode, where one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode is a Si-based electrode, a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, an electrolyte, and at least one electrolyte additive compound selected from a carbonate, oxalate, trioxidane, peroxide, peroxoate, dioxetanone, oxepane dione, oxetane dione, anhydride, oxalate or 1,4-dioxane-2,3-dione; each of which may be optionally substituted.

Electrolytes and electrolyte additives for energy storage devices are disclosed. The energy storage device comprises a first electrode and a second electrode, where one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode is a Si-based electrode, a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, an electrolyte, and at least one electrolyte additive compound selected from a carbonate, oxalate, trioxidane, peroxide, peroxoate, dioxetanone, oxepane dione, oxetane dione, anhydride, oxalate or 1,4-dioxane-2,3-dione; each of which may be optionally substituted.

The invention discloses a method for the preparation of fluoro alkylated 1,4-dioxene by homogeneous Ni catalyzed fluoro alkylation with fluoro alkyl halides of 1,4-dioxane in the presence of a base.

The invention discloses a method for the preparation of fluoro alkylated 1,4-dioxene by homogeneous Ni catalyzed fluoro alkylation with fluoro alkyl halides of 1,4-dioxane in the presence of a base.

The invention relates a process of preparing glycolide from a methyl glycolate oligomer. The process comprises pyrolyzing a methyl glycolate oligomer in a pyrolysis reaction system. The pyrolysis reaction system comprises no more than 1 wt % of a polyester, a polyol, a polyacid or a combination thereof, based on the total weight of the methyl glycolate oligomer in the system. Also provided is a composition comprising greater than 90 wt % of methyl glycolate and no more than 1 wt % of a combination of the polyester, the polyol, and the polyacid, based on the weight of the composition.