Methods are disclosed including methods for crystallizing a material such as a drug. An example method may include combining a nucleation initiator, a surfactant solution, and an amorphous form of a drug to form a drug precursor dispersion/suspension. The method may also include incubating the drug precursor dispersion/suspension to allow the drug to convert from the amorphous form to a crystalline form.

Methods are disclosed including methods for crystallizing a material such as a drug. An example method may include combining a nucleation initiator, a surfactant solution, and an amorphous form of a drug to form a drug precursor dispersion/suspension. The method may also include incubating the drug precursor dispersion/suspension to allow the drug to convert from the amorphous form to a crystalline form.

Circulene compounds of Formula I or Formula II, and organic light emitting devices (OLED) that include an organic layer disposed between an anode and a cathode, wherein the organic layer includes a compound of Formula I or Formula II. In addition, the OLED can be incorporated into one or more of a consumer product, for example, an electronic component module, and/or a lighting panel. ##STR00001##

Proanthocyanidin-cinnamaldehydes pyrylium products (FP) were synthesized by the condensation reaction of proantho-cyanidins (PAC) with various cinnamaldehydes. Synthesized FP exhibited fluorescence at higher excitation and emission wavelengths than PAC. FP were evaluated for their ability to agglutinate extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC). Results showed that FP were significantly more bioactive (p-value<0.05) for agglutinating ExPEC compared to PAC. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that FP interacts with ExPEC surface structures and suggests that FP have higher affinity with the fimbriae-like structures on the surface of ExPEC in comparison to PAC. In addition, fluorescent microscopy performed on in vitro and in vivo agglutination assays show that FP entrap ExPEC in a web-like network, thus demonstrating agglutination of ExPEC. Fluorescent proanthocyanidins offer a new approach to visualize bacterial infections and to treat such infections.

An organic electroluminescent element including a substrate, a pair of electrodes including an anode and a cathode, disposed on the substrate, and at least one organic layer including a light emitting layer, disposed between the electrodes, in which at least one kind of compound represented by the following general formula is contained in any layer of the at least one organic layer, is an organic electroluminescent element, in which the generation of dark spots during driving is inhibited:

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An organic electroluminescent element including a substrate, a pair of electrodes including an anode and a cathode, disposed on the substrate, and at least one organic layer including a light emitting layer, disposed between the electrodes, in which at least one kind of compound represented by the following general formula is contained in any layer of the at least one organic layer, is an organic electroluminescent element, in which the generation of dark spots during driving is inhibited:

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The invention provides methods for the synthesis of a halichondrin macrolides or analogs thereof through a cyclization reaction strategy. The strategy of the present invention involves subjecting an intermediate to Prins reaction conditions to afford a macrolide. The invention also provides compounds useful as intermediates in the synthesis of a halichondrin macrolides or analogs thereof and methods for preparing the same.

The present invention relates to compounds of formula (1). The compounds are suitable for use in electronic devices, in particular organic electroluminescent devices, comprising these compounds. In some embodiments, the compounds are used as matrix materials for phosphorescent or fluorescent emitters as well as a hole-blocking or electron-transport

Proanthocyanidin-cinnamaldehydes pyrylium products (FP) were synthesized by the condensation reaction of proanthocyanidins (PAC) with various cinnamaldehydes. Synthesized FP exhibited fluorescence at higher excitation and emission wavelengths than PAC. FP were evaluated for their ability to agglutinate extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC). Results showed that FP were significantly more bioactive (p-value<0.05) for agglutinating ExPEC compared to PAC. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that FP interacts with ExPEC surface structures and suggests that FP have higher affinity with the fimbriae-like structures on the surface of ExPEC in comparison to PAC. In addition, fluorescent microscopy performed on in vitro and in vivo agglutination assays show that FP entrap ExPEC in a web-like network, thus demonstrating agglutination of ExPEC. Fluorescent proanthocyanidins offer a new approach to visualize bacterial infections and to treat such infections.

Provided are a novel compound capable of improving the luminous efficiency, stability and lifespan of an element, an organic electronic element using the same, and an electronic device thereof.