Disclosed herein are methods of purifying compounds useful for the deposition of high purity tin oxide and high purity compounds purified by those methods. Such compounds are those of the Formula as follows R.sub.xSn-A.sub.4-x,

wherein: A is selected from the group consisting of (Y.sub.aR.sub.z) and a 3- to 7-membered N-containing heterocyclic group; each R group is independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl or aryl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; each R group is independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, acyl or aryl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; x is an integer from 0 to 4; a is an integer from 0 to 1; Y is selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, and P; and z is 1 when Y is O, S or when Y is absent and z is 2 when Y is N or P.

Provided are a p-type organic semiconductor represented by Chemical Formula (1), which has improved thermal resistance and may detect near-infrared light, and a photoelectric conversion film, a photoelectric conversion device, and an image sensor including the same:

##STR00001##

In Chemical Formula (1), R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C30 alkyl group, and R.sub.3 to R.sub.26 are independently a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted arylthio group, an oxy group substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, a thio group substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted amino group.

Photoactive materials comprising organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite compounds are provided. Photovoltaic cells and light-emitting devices incorporating the photoactive materials into their light-absorbing and light-emitting layers, respectively, are also provided. The halide perovskites have an amAMX.sub.3 perovskite crystal structure, wherein am is an alkyl diamine cation, an aromatic diamine cation, an aromatic azole cation, a cyclic alkyl diamine cation or a hydrazinediium cation; A is a monovalent alkylammonium cation or an alkali metal cation; X is a halide ion or a combination of halide ions; and M is an octahedrally coordinated bivalent metal atom.

Large scale (bulk) compositions comprising high-purity stannsoporfin are disclosed, as well as methods of synthesizing such compositions.

A lithium ion secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode, and an electrolytic solution. The anode includes a cyclic compound. The cyclic compound includes one or more of a first cyclic compound, a second cyclic compound, a third cyclic compound, a fourth cyclic compound, a fifth cyclic compound, and a sixth cyclic compound.

A method for determining the purity of a sample comprising a monoalkyl tin triamide compound and optionally dialkyl tin diamide, tetraalkyl tin, and tetrakis(dialkylamido)tin compounds using gas chromatography is provided. The total content of dialkyl tin diamide, tetraalkyl tin, and tetrakis(dialkylamido)tin compounds detectable by the method may be less than about 40 ppm.

A lithium ion secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode, and an electrolytic solution. The anode includes a cyclic compound and the cyclic compound includes one or more of a first cyclic compound, a second cyclic compound, and a third cyclic compound.

Embodiments describe methods of synthesizing metal mesoporphyrin compounds. In embodiments, a metal mesoporphyrin compound may be formed by hemin transmetallation and subsequent hydrogenation of the tin protoporphyrin IX to form a metal mesoporphyrin. In other embodiments, a method of synthesizing a metal mesoporphyrin compound comprises forming a protoporphyrin methyl ester from hemin and converting the protoporphyrin methyl ester intermediate to a metal mesoporphyrin compound through metal insertion and hydrogenation. In other embodiments, a metal mesoporphyrin compound may be formed from hemin by a hydrogen-free hydrogenation method to form a mesoporphyrin IX intermediate followed by metal insertion and hydrogenation. In embodiments, a method of synthesizing a metal mesoporphyrin compound comprises forming a mesoporphyrin IX dihydrochloride intermediate compound and converting the mesoporphyrin IX intermediate to a metal mesoporphyrin compound through metal insertion. In embodiments, a metal mesoporphyrin compound may be formed directly from hemin without isolation of any intermediates.

Monoalkyl tin triamide compounds having purity of at least about 99 mol % and the chemical formula RSn(NMe.sub.2).sub.3 are described. R.sup.1 is selected from R.sup.A, R.sup.B, and R.sup.C; R.sup.A is a primary alkyl group having about 1 to 10 carbon atoms, R.sup.B is a secondary alkyl group having about 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and R.sup.C is a tertiary alkyl group having about 3 to 10 carbon atoms; each R.sup.2 is independently an alkyl group having about 1 to 10 carbon atoms; and a content of R.sup.1Sn(NR.sup.2.sub.2).sub.2(N(R.sup.2)CH.sub.2NR.sup.2.sub.2) is less than about 1 mol %. Methods for synthesizing, purifying, and storing these compounds are also provided. The monoalkyl tin compounds may be used for the formation of high-resolution EUV lithography patterning precursors and are attractive due to their high purity and minimal concentration of dialkyl tin and other tin impurities.

A compound of formula (I),

##STR00001## wherein R1R2R3 are defined in the disclosure. The compound of formula (I) is used as a catalyst for lactide polymerization to reduce the temperature and the time of the polymerization reaction, thereby producing polylactic acid (PLA) having high molecular weight. The present invention also provides a method of preparing the compound of formula (1) and a method of synthesizing polylactic acid that is catalyzed by the compound of formula (1).