The invention relates to methods, compounds, compositions and vehicles for delivering 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid (3APS) in a subject, preferably a human subject. The invention encompasses compound that will yield or generate 3APS, either in vitro or in vivo. Preferred compounds include amino acid prodrugs of 3APS for use, including but not limited to the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease

The present disclosure provides methods of anchoring active molecules on the surface of a cell, methods of anchoring at least two active molecules on the surface of a cell, and methods of enhancing an immune response to a target cell in a human.

The present disclosure provides methods of anchoring active molecules on the surface of a cell, methods of anchoring at least two active molecules on the surface of a cell, and methods of enhancing an immune response to a target cell in a human.

Compounds, particularly, glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) compounds, having the following structure (I) are provided: ##STR00001##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L.sub.1. L.sub.2, L.sub.3, L.sub.4, L.sub.5, L.sub.6, L.sub.7, L.sub.8, L.sub.9, L.sub.10, Y.sub.1, Y.sub.2, Y.sub.3, Y.sub.4, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, are as defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions, vaccine compositions, and related methods for inducing or enhancing immune responses, are also provided.

Compounds, particularly, glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) compounds, having the following structure (I) are provided: ##STR00001##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L.sub.1. L.sub.2, L.sub.3, L.sub.4, L.sub.5, L.sub.6, L.sub.7, L.sub.8, L.sub.9, L.sub.10, Y.sub.1, Y.sub.2, Y.sub.3, Y.sub.4, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, are as defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions, vaccine compositions, and related methods for inducing or enhancing immune responses, are also provided.

The invention relates to polymers comprising carbohydrate ligands and moieties, respectively, that bind to carbohydrate-binding proteins (CBPs), as well as to these carbohydrate ligands, and to their use in diagnosis and therapy of diseases that are associated with CBP-mediated cytotoxicity, agglutinatination, or immune complex deposit formation. In particular, the invention relates to polymers comprising a multitude of said carbohydrate ligands and moieties, respectively, mimicking carbohydrates that are bound by CBPs which belong to the group of (i) bacterial exotoxins, (ii) agglutinins, and (iii) immune complex deposit-forming immunoglobulins. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of these polymers and carbohydrate ligands and moieties respectively, in diagnosis as well as for the treatment of diseases that are associated with CBP-mediated cytotoxicity, agglutinatination, or immune complex deposit formation. In one embodiment, the polymer is polylysine.

The invention relates to polymers comprising carbohydrate ligands and moieties, respectively, that bind to carbohydrate-binding proteins (CBPs), as well as to these carbohydrate ligands, and to their use in diagnosis and therapy of diseases that are associated with CBP-mediated cytotoxicity, agglutinatination, or immune complex deposit formation. In particular, the invention relates to polymers comprising a multitude of said carbohydrate ligands and moieties, respectively, mimicking carbohydrates that are bound by CBPs which belong to the group of (i) bacterial exotoxins, (ii) agglutinins, and (iii) immune complex deposit-forming immunoglobulins. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of these polymers and carbohydrate ligands and moieties respectively, in diagnosis as well as for the treatment of diseases that are associated with CBP-mediated cytotoxicity, agglutinatination, or immune complex deposit formation. In one embodiment, the polymer is polylysine.

An object of the invention is to provide a method of uniformly and efficiently producing a saccharide having a sulfate group and/or a phosphate group in the molecule, or a compound containing the saccharide. [Solution] The present invention provides a method of producing a saccharide having a sulfate group and/or a phosphate group. The method comprises (a) a step of preparing a first saccharide having a non-protected sulfate group and/or a non-protected phosphate group and a second saccharide having a non-protected sulfate group and/or a non-protected phosphate group and (b) a step of condensing the first saccharide and the second saccharide prepared in the step (a) with each other.

An object of the invention is to provide a method of uniformly and efficiently producing a saccharide having a sulfate group and/or a phosphate group in the molecule, or a compound containing the saccharide. [Solution] The present invention provides a method of producing a saccharide having a sulfate group and/or a phosphate group. The method comprises (a) a step of preparing a first saccharide having a non-protected sulfate group and/or a non-protected phosphate group and a second saccharide having a non-protected sulfate group and/or a non-protected phosphate group and (b) a step of condensing the first saccharide and the second saccharide prepared in the step (a) with each other.

The present invention provides desosamine and mycaminose analogs and nitro sugars and methods for their preparation. The invention also provides methods of cyclizing a compound of Formula (A) with glyoxal to give a nitro sugar of Formula (B). Methods for the preparation of compound of Formula (D) are provided comprising cyclization of a nitro alcohol to give a nitro sugar and reduction and alkylation of the nitro sugar to give a desosamine, mycaminose, or an analog thereof. ##STR00001##