There are provided compounds of Formula (A) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, used for the prevention or treatment in a mammal of joint and bone disorders such as arthritis and osteoporosis.

##STR00001##

Described herein, inter alia, are compositions and methods useful for the reconstitution of membrane proteins.

Described herein, inter alia, are compositions and methods useful for the reconstitution of membrane proteins.

A compound as an SGLT1/SGLT2 dual inhibitor, and an application thereof in the preparation of a drug as the SGLT1/SGLT2 dual inhibitor. The compound is a compound represented by formula (I), an isomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. ##STR00001##

A compound as an SGLT1/SGLT2 dual inhibitor, and an application thereof in the preparation of a drug as the SGLT1/SGLT2 dual inhibitor. The compound is a compound represented by formula (I), an isomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. ##STR00001##

Provided are lincosamide compounds for the treatment of infectious diseases. The lincosamides described herein are modified at the amino acid (southern) region. The lincosamides may have further modification at the C-1 and C-7 positions of the aminooctose (northern) region, thus distinguishing them from lincomycin and clindamycin. Also provided are methods for preparing the lincosamide compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the lincosamide compounds, and methods of treating infectious diseases using the disclosed lincosamide compounds.

Provided are lincosamide compounds for the treatment of infectious diseases. The lincosamides described herein are modified at the amino acid (southern) region. The lincosamides may have further modification at the C-1 and C-7 positions of the aminooctose (northern) region, thus distinguishing them from lincomycin and clindamycin. Also provided are methods for preparing the lincosamide compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the lincosamide compounds, and methods of treating infectious diseases using the disclosed lincosamide compounds.

A compound as an SGLT1/SGLT2 dual inhibitor, and an application thereof in the preparation of a drug as the SGLT1/SGLT2 dual inhibitor. The compound is a compound represented by formula (I), an isomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

##STR00001##

A compound as an SGLT1/SGLT2 dual inhibitor, and an application thereof in the preparation of a drug as the SGLT1/SGLT2 dual inhibitor. The compound is a compound represented by formula (I), an isomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

##STR00001##

Provided are a newly developed tandem malonate-based amphipathic molecule, a method of preparing the same, and a method of extracting, solubilizing, stabilizing, crystallizing or analyzing a membrane protein using the same. In addition, the compound may be used to efficiently extract membrane proteins having various structures and characteristics from a cell membrane, compared to a conventional compound, to stably store the proteins in an aqueous solution for a long time, and may be used in functional and structural analysis thereof. The analysis of the structures and functions of the membrane proteins is one of the most attractive fields in current biology and chemistry, which are closely related to new drug development.