Methods for removing heavy metals from contaminated water including contacting contaminated water with polysaccharides from N. meningitides serotypes B and W; a fusion gene product and fusion enzyme including silica acid synthase and CMP sialic acid synthetase, and use of the fusion enzyme in a simplified process to make CMP Sialic acid and derivatives thereof. Use of CMP Sialic acid and derivatives thereof to remove heavy metals from contaminated water.

Methods for removing heavy metals from contaminated water including contacting contaminated water with polysaccharides from N. meningitides serotypes B and W; a fusion gene product and fusion enzyme including silica acid synthase and CMP sialic acid synthetase, and use of the fusion enzyme in a simplified process to make CMP Sialic acid and derivatives thereof. Use of CMP Sialic acid and derivatives thereof to remove heavy metals from contaminated water.

There are provided compounds of Formula (A) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, used for the prevention or treatment in a manual of joint and bone disorders such as arthritis and osteoporosis.

##STR00001##

Compounds such as: ##STR00001##
processes for the preparation of these compounds, compositions containing these compounds, and the uses of these compounds to treat neoplasms have been disclosed.

Compounds such as: ##STR00001##
processes for the preparation of these compounds, compositions containing these compounds, and the uses of these compounds to treat neoplasms have been disclosed.

A group of substituted thienopyrrolopyrimidine ribonucleosides of general formula I, in which R shows strong cytostatic and cytotoxic activities preferably against cancer cell lines of broad spectrum of diseases including tumors of various histogenetic origin.

A group of substituted thienopyrrolopyrimidine ribonucleosides of general formula I, in which R shows strong cytostatic and cytotoxic activities preferably against cancer cell lines of broad spectrum of diseases including tumors of various histogenetic origin.

The present invention relates to a nucleoside analog represented by the following formula and a use thereof. Specifically, the present invention relates to a nucleoside analog represented by the following formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutical composition thereof, and a use thereof in preparation of (a) an inhibitor for inhibiting replication of coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses, influenza viruses, flaviviruses, filoviruses, bunya viruses and/or arenaviruses, and/or (b) a medicine for treating and/or preventing or alleviating a disease caused by infection of coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses, influenza viruses, flaviviruses, filoviruses, bunya viruses and/or arenaviruses.

Herein reported are new tricyclic cytidine compounds, such as 8-diethylamino-tC (8-DEA-tC), that respond to DNA and/or RNA duplex formation with up to a 20-fold increase in fluorescent quantum yield as compared with the free nucleoside, depending on neighboring bases. This turn-on response to duplex formation is by far the greatest of any reported nucleoside analogue that can participate in Watson-Crick base pairing. Measurements of the quantum yield of 8-DEA-tC mispaired with adenosine and, separately, opposite an abasic site show that there is almost no fluorescence increase without the formation of correct Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds. Kinetic isotope effects from the use of deuterated buffer show that the duplex protects 8-DEA-tC against quenching by excited state proton transfer. DFT calculations provide a rationale for the observed photophysical properties that is dependent on duplex integrity and the electronic structure of the analogue.

Herein reported are new tricyclic cytidine compounds, such as 8-diethylamino-tC (8-DEA-tC), that respond to DNA and/or RNA duplex formation with up to a 20-fold increase in fluorescent quantum yield as compared with the free nucleoside, depending on neighboring bases. This turn-on response to duplex formation is by far the greatest of any reported nucleoside analogue that can participate in Watson-Crick base pairing. Measurements of the quantum yield of 8-DEA-tC mispaired with adenosine and, separately, opposite an abasic site show that there is almost no fluorescence increase without the formation of correct Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds. Kinetic isotope effects from the use of deuterated buffer show that the duplex protects 8-DEA-tC against quenching by excited state proton transfer. DFT calculations provide a rationale for the observed photophysical properties that is dependent on duplex integrity and the electronic structure of the analogue.