Methods for removing heavy metals from contaminated water including contacting contaminated water with polysaccharides from N. meningitides serotypes B and W; a fusion gene product and fusion enzyme including silica acid synthase and CMP sialic acid synthetase, and use of the fusion enzyme in a simplified process to make CMP Sialic acid and derivatives thereof. Use of CMP Sialic acid and derivatives thereof to remove heavy metals from contaminated water.

Methods are provided for using methotrexate (MTX) active agents in which reduced host toxicity is observed. Aspects of the methods include administering to a subject an effective amount of an MTX active agent in conjunction with a MTX toxicity-reducing adjuvant, such as a 2,2-anhydropyrimidine, a derivative thereof or a uridine phosphorylase inhibitor. Also provided are compositions and kits that find use in practicing embodiments of the invention. The methods and compositions find use in a variety of applications, including the treatment of a variety of different disease conditions.

Methods are provided for using methotrexate (MTX) active agents in which reduced host toxicity is observed. Aspects of the methods include administering to a subject an effective amount of an MTX active agent in conjunction with a MTX toxicity-reducing adjuvant, such as a 2,2-anhydropyrimidine, a derivative thereof or a uridine phosphorylase inhibitor. Also provided are compositions and kits that find use in practicing embodiments of the invention. The methods and compositions find use in a variety of applications, including the treatment of a variety of different disease conditions.

The present disclosure relates to compounds of formula I, which inhibit Gal-3, and include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, compositions comprising such compounds, and methods using and making such compounds and compositions.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure relates to compounds of formula I, which inhibit Gal-3, and include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, compositions comprising such compounds, and methods using and making such compounds and compositions.

##STR00001##

Herein reported are new tricyclic cytidine compounds, such as 8-diethylamino-tC (8-DEA-tC), that respond to DNA and/or RNA duplex formation with up to a 20-fold increase in fluorescent quantum yield as compared with the free nucleoside, depending on neighboring bases. This turn-on response to duplex formation is by far the greatest of any reported nucleoside analogue that can participate in Watson-Crick base pairing. Measurements of the quantum yield of 8-DEA-tC mispaired with adenosine and, separately, opposite an abasic site show that there is almost no fluorescence increase without the formation of correct Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds. Kinetic isotope effects from the use of deuterated buffer show that the duplex protects 8-DEA-tC against quenching by excited state proton transfer. DFT calculations provide a rationale for the observed photophysical properties that is dependent on duplex integrity and the electronic structure of the analogue.

Herein reported are new tricyclic cytidine compounds, such as 8-diethylamino-tC (8-DEA-tC), that respond to DNA and/or RNA duplex formation with up to a 20-fold increase in fluorescent quantum yield as compared with the free nucleoside, depending on neighboring bases. This turn-on response to duplex formation is by far the greatest of any reported nucleoside analogue that can participate in Watson-Crick base pairing. Measurements of the quantum yield of 8-DEA-tC mispaired with adenosine and, separately, opposite an abasic site show that there is almost no fluorescence increase without the formation of correct Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds. Kinetic isotope effects from the use of deuterated buffer show that the duplex protects 8-DEA-tC against quenching by excited state proton transfer. DFT calculations provide a rationale for the observed photophysical properties that is dependent on duplex integrity and the electronic structure of the analogue.

The present disclosure relates to compounds and compositions containing 5-phosphoramidite nucleoside monomers of formulae (I) and (II), and methods of making and use, wherein the substituents are as defined in the appended claims.

##STR00001##

Substituted heteropentadieno-pyrrolopyrimidine ribonucleosides of general formula I, where R is selected from the group comprising furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, benzofuran-2-yl, methylsulfanyl, methoxy, amino, dimethylamino, methyl or chloro, and pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, their optical isomers and mixtures of such optical isomers.

Substituted heteropentadieno-pyrrolopyrimidine ribonucleosides of general formula I, where R is selected from the group comprising furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, benzofuran-2-yl, methylsulfanyl, methoxy, amino, dimethylamino, methyl or chloro, and pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, their optical isomers and mixtures of such optical isomers.