Reported herein are presumptively de-attenuating mutations that are useful, either individually or in combinations that may include other known mutations, in producing recombinant strains of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) exhibiting attenuation phenotypes. Also described herein is a novel RSV construct, Min_L-NPM2-1(N88K)L, which exhibits an attenuated phenotype, is stable and is as immunogenic as wild type RSV. The recombinant RSV strains described here are suitable for use as live-attenuated RSV vaccines. Exemplary vaccine candidates are described. Also provided are polynucleotide sequences capable of encoding the described viruses, as well as methods for producing and using the viruses.

Reported herein are presumptively de-attenuating mutations that are useful, either individually or in combinations that may include other known mutations, in producing recombinant strains of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) exhibiting attenuation phenotypes. Also described herein is a novel RSV construct, Min_L-NPM2-1(N88K)L, which exhibits an attenuated phenotype, is stable and is as immunogenic as wild type RSV. The recombinant RSV strains described here are suitable for use as live-attenuated RSV vaccines. Exemplary vaccine candidates are described. Also provided are polynucleotide sequences capable of encoding the described viruses, as well as methods for producing and using the viruses.

The present invention provides recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) vectors that contain and express antigens of avian pathogens, compositions comprising the recombinant HVT vectors and polyvalent vaccines comprising the recombinant HVT vectors. The present invention further provides methods of vaccination against a variety of avian pathogens and method of producing the recombinant HVT vectors.

The present invention provides recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) vectors that contain and express antigens of avian pathogens, compositions comprising the recombinant HVT vectors and polyvalent vaccines comprising the recombinant HVT vectors. The present invention further provides methods of vaccination against a variety of avian pathogens and method of producing the recombinant HVT vectors.

According to some embodiments, a method of reducing the spread of infection by a target pathogen in a host comprises binding a carrier to a target areas of the host's cells to reduce a likelihood that the target pathogen binds to the target areas, thereby blocking at least some of the target areas, and providing a gained advantage to the host's immune system to fight a disease caused by the target pathogen, wherein providing the gained advantage comprises decorating the carrier with epitopes to be used as a vaccination at target cell populations.

According to some embodiments, a carrier for reducing a likelihood of a pathogen binding to cell structures of a host comprises a core, surface features extending from an exterior surface of the core, wherein the surface features are configured to bind to target areas of cell structures of the host to at least partially block the pathogen from binding to said target areas as a result of competitive inhibition, and a plurality of binding sites along the exterior surface, wherein the binding sites are configured to attract at least one portion of the pathogen, wherein the binding sites are recognizable by the pathogen and are able to be bound by the pathogen, thereby at least partially immobilizing the pathogen and reducing the likelihood of the pathogen binding to target areas of cell structures of the host.

The present invention relates to a tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, plant that is resistant to Tobamovirus, wherein the plant comprises one or more genomic sequences conferring Tobamovirus resistance. More specifically the invention relates to a tomato plant that is resistant to Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (TBRFV). The present invention further relates to a genomic sequence or locus providing resistance to Tobamovirus. In addition, the present invention relates to methods for proving a tomato plant that is resistant to Tobamovirus.

The present invention relates to a tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, plant that is resistant to Tobamovirus, wherein the plant comprises one or more genomic sequences conferring Tobamovirus resistance. More specifically the invention relates to a tomato plant that is resistant to Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (TBRFV). The present invention further relates to a genomic sequence or locus providing resistance to Tobamovirus. In addition, the present invention relates to methods for proving a tomato plant that is resistant to Tobamovirus.

Reported herein are presumptively de-attenuating mutations that are useful, either individually or in combinations that may include other known mutations, in producing recombinant strains of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) exhibiting attenuation phenotypes. Also described herein is a novel RSV construct, Min_L-NPM2-1(N88K)L, which exhibits an attenuated phenotype, is stable and is as immunogenic as wild type RSV. The recombinant RSV strains described here are suitable for use as live-attenuated RSV vaccines. Exemplary vaccine candidates are described. Also provided are polynucleotide sequences capable of encoding the described viruses, as well as methods for producing and using the viruses.

Reported herein are presumptively de-attenuating mutations that are useful, either individually or in combinations that may include other known mutations, in producing recombinant strains of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) exhibiting attenuation phenotypes. Also described herein is a novel RSV construct, Min_L-NPM2-1(N88K)L, which exhibits an attenuated phenotype, is stable and is as immunogenic as wild type RSV. The recombinant RSV strains described here are suitable for use as live-attenuated RSV vaccines. Exemplary vaccine candidates are described. Also provided are polynucleotide sequences capable of encoding the described viruses, as well as methods for producing and using the viruses.