Microbial activity can be mitigated or prevented by applying an antimicrobial article to an object to inhibit the transfer of microbial life from the object to anyone thereafter touching the object. The antimicrobial article has a non-electrically conductive substrate comprising first and second opposing surfaces; a catalytic ink disposed as a pattern on the first opposing surface, which catalytic ink pattern comprises multiple unconnected features; and a pattern of electrolessly plated copper metal of unconnected copper metal features that is disposed in registration with the catalytic ink pattern. This antimicrobial article exhibits a sheet resistivity of more than 1,000 ohms/ as determined using a four-point probe and a source meter.

Microbial activity can be mitigated or prevented by applying an antimicrobial article to an object to inhibit the transfer of microbial life from the object to anyone thereafter touching the object. The antimicrobial article has a non-electrically conductive substrate comprising first and second opposing surfaces; a catalytic ink disposed as a pattern on the first opposing surface, which catalytic ink pattern comprises multiple unconnected features; and a pattern of electrolessly plated copper metal of unconnected copper metal features that is disposed in registration with the catalytic ink pattern. This antimicrobial article exhibits a sheet resistivity of more than 1,000 ohms/ as determined using a four-point probe and a source meter.

Some embodiments include a method of chitosan encapsulation of pesticidal active ingredients. The method includes adding a first active ingredient to a centrifuge, adding a solution containing chitosan into the centrifuge, centrifuging the chitosan-active ingredient mixture to create nanoparticle spheres of a first diameter, collecting the nanoparticle spheres of a first diameter, adding the nanoparticle spheres, a second active ingredient, and a chitosan solution into a centrifuge, and centrifuging to create nanoparticle spheres of a second diameter larger than the first diameter, and collecting the nanoparticle spheres of a second diameter.

Some embodiments include a method of chitosan encapsulation of pesticidal active ingredients. The method includes adding a first active ingredient to a centrifuge, adding a solution containing chitosan into the centrifuge, centrifuging the chitosan-active ingredient mixture to create nanoparticle spheres of a first diameter, collecting the nanoparticle spheres of a first diameter, adding the nanoparticle spheres, a second active ingredient, and a chitosan solution into a centrifuge, and centrifuging to create nanoparticle spheres of a second diameter larger than the first diameter, and collecting the nanoparticle spheres of a second diameter.