A positive electrode includes a composite material including a positive active material and a coating layer on a surface of the positive active material, wherein the coating layer includes a copolymer including a first repeating unit represented by Formula 1 below and a second repeating unit represented by Formula 2 below:

##STR00001##

wherein Ar.sub.1, R.sub.1 to R.sub.6, A, A.sub.1,

##STR00002##

Y.sup.−, m, and n are the same as defined in the specification.

A positive electrode includes a composite material including a positive active material and a coating layer on a surface of the positive active material, wherein the coating layer includes a copolymer including a first repeating unit represented by Formula 1 below and a second repeating unit represented by Formula 2 below:

##STR00001##

wherein Ar.sub.1, R.sub.1 to R.sub.6, A, A.sub.1,

##STR00002##

Y.sup.−, m, and n are the same as defined in the specification.

Methods of post-polymerization modification of a polymer are provided herein. The present methods comprise the step of reacting a polymer with at least one nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction performed without a solvent to produce a functionalized polymer. The nucleophile can be selected from the group consisting of thioacetate, phenoxide, alkoxide, carboxylate, thiolate, thiocarboxylate, dithiocarboxylate, thiourea, thiocarbamate, dithiocarbamate, xanthate, thiocyanate. Nucleophilic substitution reaction can be performed in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. Nucleophilic substitution reaction can also be performed via a two-step in-situ reactive mixing process with the initial formation of the polymer-amine ionomer (polymer-NR.sub.3.sup.+Br) which catalyzes the subsequent nucleophilic substitution with a second nucleophile to form a bi-functional polymer.

Methods of post-polymerization modification of a polymer are provided herein. The present methods comprise the step of reacting a polymer with at least one nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction performed without a solvent to produce a functionalized polymer. The nucleophile can be selected from the group consisting of thioacetate, phenoxide, alkoxide, carboxylate, thiolate, thiocarboxylate, dithiocarboxylate, thiourea, thiocarbamate, dithiocarbamate, xanthate, thiocyanate. Nucleophilic substitution reaction can be performed in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. Nucleophilic substitution reaction can also be performed via a two-step in-situ reactive mixing process with the initial formation of the polymer-amine ionomer (polymer-NR.sub.3.sup.+Br) which catalyzes the subsequent nucleophilic substitution with a second nucleophile to form a bi-functional polymer.

Methods of post-polymerization modification of a polymer are provided herein. The present methods comprise the step of reacting a polymer with at least one nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction performed without a solvent to produce a functionalized polymer. The nucleophile can be selected from the group consisting of thioacetate, phenoxide, alkoxide, carboxylate, thiolate, thiocarboxylate, dithiocarboxylate, thiourea, thiocarbamate, dithiocarbamate, xanthate, thiocyanate. Nucleophilic substitution reaction can be performed in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. Nucleophilic substitution reaction can also be performed via a two-step in-situ reactive mixing process with the initial formation of the polymer-amine ionomer (polymer-NR.sub.3.sup.+Br) which catalyzes the subsequent nucleophilic substitution with a second nucleophile to form a bi-functional polymer.

A dual-cure method for forming a solid polymeric structure is provided. An end-capped, imide-terminated prepolymer is combined with at least one photopolymerisable olefinic monomer, at least one photoinitiator, and a diamine, to form a curable resin composition, which, in a first step, is irradiated under conditions effective to polymerize the at least one olefinic monomer, thus forming a scaffold composed of the prepolymer and the polyolefin with the diamine trapped therein. The irradiated composition is then thermally treated at a temperature effective to cause a transimidization reaction to occur between the prepolymer and the diamine, thereby releasing the end caps of the prepolymer and providing the solid polymeric structure. A curable resin composition comprising an end-capped, imide-terminated prepolymer, at least one photopolymerisable olefinic monomer, at least one photoinitiator, and a diamine, is also provided, as are related methods of use.

A dual-cure method for forming a solid polymeric structure is provided. An end-capped, imide-terminated prepolymer is combined with at least one photopolymerisable olefinic monomer, at least one photoinitiator, and a diamine, to form a curable resin composition, which, in a first step, is irradiated under conditions effective to polymerize the at least one olefinic monomer, thus forming a scaffold composed of the prepolymer and the polyolefin with the diamine trapped therein. The irradiated composition is then thermally treated at a temperature effective to cause a transimidization reaction to occur between the prepolymer and the diamine, thereby releasing the end caps of the prepolymer and providing the solid polymeric structure. A curable resin composition comprising an end-capped, imide-terminated prepolymer, at least one photopolymerisable olefinic monomer, at least one photoinitiator, and a diamine, is also provided, as are related methods of use.

The present invention discloses novel calibrants containing between 1 and 5 iodine atoms and methods of making them using linear polymers, hyperbranched polymers, and biological polymers (including but not limited to proteins and peptides.) Methods of using the calibrants are also disclosed, such as mass spectrometry. The novel calibrants disclosed herein have a more cost- and time-efficient synthesis than other calibrants.

The present invention discloses novel calibrants containing between 1 and 5 iodine atoms and methods of making them using linear polymers, hyperbranched polymers, and biological polymers (including but not limited to proteins and peptides.) Methods of using the calibrants are also disclosed, such as mass spectrometry. The novel calibrants disclosed herein have a more cost- and time-efficient synthesis than other calibrants.

Described herein is method of adding a non-fluorinated carbon-carbon double bond to a highly fluorinated polymer via an amidine linkage. In one embodiment, the derivatized fluorinated polymer comprising a highly fluorinated polymer backbone with pendent groups therefrom is disclosed, wherein at least one pendent group is according to the formula: (I) where Rf is a bond or a divalent perfluorinated group, optionally comprising at least one in-chain ether linkage, R is H, an alkyl group, or —CH(R″)X; R′ is H or an alkyl group; X is a monovalent group comprising at least one non-fluorinated carbon-carbon double bond; and R″ is H or an alkyl group. Such derivatized fluorinated polymers may be used in curable compositions and articles therefrom.

##STR00001##