Examples include a device including a nanovoided polymer element having a first surface and a second surface, a first plurality of electrodes disposed on the first surface, a second plurality of electrodes disposed on the second surface, and a control circuit configured to apply an electrical potential between one or more of the first plurality of electrodes and one or more of the second plurality of electrodes to induce a physical deformation of the nanovoided polymer element.

Examples include a device including a nanovoided polymer element having a first surface and a second surface, a first plurality of electrodes disposed on the first surface, a second plurality of electrodes disposed on the second surface, and a control circuit configured to apply an electrical potential between one or more of the first plurality of electrodes and one or more of the second plurality of electrodes to induce a physical deformation of the nanovoided polymer element.

An example device includes a nanovoided polymer element, which may be located at least in part between the electrodes. In some examples, the nanovoided polymer element may include anisotropic voids, including a gas, and separated from each other by polymer walls. The device may be an electroactive device, such as an actuator having a response time for a transition between actuation states. The gas may have a characteristic diffusion time (e.g., to diffuse half the mean wall thickness through the polymer walls) that is less than the response time. The nanovoids may be sufficiently small (e.g., below 1 micron in diameter or an analogous dimension), and/or the polymer walls may be sufficiently thin, such that the gas interchange between gas in the voids and gas absorbed by the polymer walls may occur faster than the response time, and in some examples, effectively instantaneously.

A graded-index optical element may include a nanovoided material including a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. The nanovoided material may be transparent between the first surface and the second surface. Additionally, the nanovoided material may have a predefined change in effective refractive index in at least one axis due to a change in at least one of nanovoid size or nanovoid distribution along the at least one axis. Various other elements, devices, systems, materials, and methods are also disclosed.

To provide a composition having a very low refractive index, an organic photoelectronic element using the composition, and simple methods for producing such a composition and an organic photoelectronic element.

A composition comprising a fluorinated polymer, an organic semiconductor material and a dopant.

To provide a composition having a very low refractive index, an organic photoelectronic element using the composition, and simple methods for producing such a composition and an organic photoelectronic element.

A composition comprising a fluorinated polymer, an organic semiconductor material and a dopant.

A method of producing fibers, includes placing a composition that includes one or more fluoropolymers in the body of a fiber producing device and rotating the device at a speed sufficient to eject material from the fiber producing device to form fluoropolymer microfibers and/or nanofibers.

The invention pertains to a method of making fluoropolymer dispersions using certain polyfunctional perfluoropolyether derivatives including a plurality of ionisable groups selected from the group consisting of SO.sub.3X.sub.a, PO.sub.3X.sub.a and COOX.sub.a, whereas X.sub.a is H, an ammonium group or a monovalent metal, and whereas said groups are comprised as pendant groups in the perfluoropolyether chain, and to fluoropolymer dispersions therefrom.

The invention pertains to a method of making fluoropolymer dispersions using certain polyfunctional perfluoropolyether derivatives including a plurality of ionisable groups selected from the group consisting of SO.sub.3X.sub.a, PO.sub.3X.sub.a and COOX.sub.a, whereas X.sub.a is H, an ammonium group or a monovalent metal, and whereas said groups are comprised as pendant groups in the perfluoropolyether chain, and to fluoropolymer dispersions therefrom.

A method of producing a fluorine-containing compound is a method of producing a compound (30) having partial structure (3) by an insertion reaction of compound (20) into compound (10) that has partial structure (1), in the presence of an ionic catalyst formed from a specific monovalent anion and a counter cation. In the formulas, * represents a bonding site, and X.sup.1 and R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, or an organic group having a carbon number of 1 to 20 which may have a substituent. ##STR00001##