A modified polytetrafluoroethylene aqueous dispersion having low viscosity at high temperature. The modified polytetrafluoroethylene aqueous dispersion contains a modified polytetrafluoroethylene and a nonionic surfactant, has a modified polytetrafluoroethylene solid concentration of 50 to 70% by mass, is substantially free from a fluorine-containing surfactant, and has a viscosity at 55° C. of 80 mPa•s or lower, and the modified polytetrafluoroethylene contains 0.050% by mass or more and 1.00% by mass or less of a polymerized unit based on a modifying monomer.

Powder including low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene having a melt viscosity of 1×10.sup.2 to 7×10.sup.5 Pa.Math.s at 380° C., having a melt viscosity of 1×10.sup.2 to 7×10.sup.5 Pa.Math.s at 380° C., having an average particle size of 1.0 to 50 μm, and containing 30 or more carboxyl groups at ends of the molecule chain per 10.sup.6 carbon atoms in the main chain, wherein the powder is substantially free from C8-C14 perfluorocarboxylic acids and salts thereof.

Powder including low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene having a melt viscosity of 1×10.sup.2 to 7×10.sup.5 Pa.Math.s at 380° C., having a melt viscosity of 1×10.sup.2 to 7×10.sup.5 Pa.Math.s at 380° C., having an average particle size of 1.0 to 50 μm, and containing 30 or more carboxyl groups at ends of the molecule chain per 10.sup.6 carbon atoms in the main chain, wherein the powder is substantially free from C8-C14 perfluorocarboxylic acids and salts thereof.

The present invention aims to provide a method of producing a fluoropolymer, especially a fluoropolymer essentially including a tetrafluoroethylene or chlorotrifluoroethylene unit, at a higher polymerization rate with improved efficiency, the method being capable of improving the moldability in extrusion molding and suppressing discoloration. The method of producing a fluoropolymer of the present invention includes producing a fluoropolymer by polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene or chlorotrifluoroethylene in the presence of a peroxydicarbonate. The peroxydicarbonate is represented by the formula:
R—O—C(═O)—O—O—C(═O)—O—R
wherein R's may be the same as or different from each other and individually represent a C4 alkyl group or alkoxy alkyl group.

The present invention aims to provide a method of producing a fluoropolymer, especially a fluoropolymer essentially including a tetrafluoroethylene or chlorotrifluoroethylene unit, at a higher polymerization rate with improved efficiency, the method being capable of improving the moldability in extrusion molding and suppressing discoloration. The method of producing a fluoropolymer of the present invention includes producing a fluoropolymer by polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene or chlorotrifluoroethylene in the presence of a peroxydicarbonate. The peroxydicarbonate is represented by the formula:
R—O—C(═O)—O—O—C(═O)—O—R
wherein R's may be the same as or different from each other and individually represent a C4 alkyl group or alkoxy alkyl group.

The present invention aims to provide a method of producing a fluoropolymer, especially a fluoropolymer essentially including a tetrafluoroethylene or chlorotrifluoroethylene unit, at a higher polymerization rate with improved efficiency, the method being capable of improving the moldability in extrusion molding and suppressing discoloration. The method of producing a fluoropolymer of the present invention includes producing a fluoropolymer by polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene or chlorotrifluoroethylene in the presence of a peroxydicarbonate. The peroxydicarbonate is represented by the formula:
R—O—C(═O)—O—O—C(═O)—O—R
wherein R's may be the same as or different from each other and individually represent a C4 alkyl group or alkoxy alkyl group.

A substrate with conductive film includes a base material; and a film of a conductive metal oxide arranged on an upper part of the base material. The film includes, by a top plan view, a first region and a second region, the second region is configured of a same material as the first region, and an electric resistance of the second region is higher than an electric resistance of the first region. The second region includes a part configured by a plurality of cellular sections surrounded by a plurality of fine cracks. In the part, each fine crack has a width of 1 nm to 50 nm, and each cellular section has a largest measure of less than 10 μm.

The present invention concerns the field of polymer chemistry and relates to water-insoluble anion exchange materials as they are used, for example, for anion exchange membranes or as anion exchange resins.

The object of the invention is the specification of water-insoluble anion exchange materials which exhibit improved insolubility in water.

The object is attained by water-insoluble anion exchange materials, at least composed of linearly polymerized and/or branched and/or crosslinked anion exchange groups C, which are part of the structural units according to at least one of the general formulas I to VIII.

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Provided is a method for producing an aqueous dispersion of a fluorine-containing elastomer, comprising polymerizing a fluorine-containing monomer in the presence of a fluorine-containing compound (1) represented by general formula (1) and an aqueous medium to produce an aqueous dispersion of a fluorine-containing elastomer:

CX.sup.1X.sup.2═CX.sup.3—Z  General formula (1):

wherein X.sup.1 to X.sup.3 are each independently H, F, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; when X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are both H, X.sup.3 is F or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; Z is a group represented by —COOM, —SO.sub.3M, —OSO.sub.3M, —PO(OM).sub.2, —OPO(OM).sub.2, —BO(OM).sub.2, or —OBO(OM).sub.2; M is H, a metal atom, NR.sup.1.sub.4, optionally substituted imidazolium, optionally substituted pyridinium, or optionally substituted phosphonium; and R.sup.1 is independently H or an organic group, and any two R.sup.1 are optionally bonded to each other to form a ring.

Provided is a method for producing an aqueous dispersion of a fluorine-containing elastomer, comprising polymerizing a fluorine-containing monomer in the presence of a fluorine-containing compound (1) represented by general formula (1) and an aqueous medium to produce an aqueous dispersion of a fluorine-containing elastomer:

CX.sup.1X.sup.2═CX.sup.3—Z  General formula (1):

wherein X.sup.1 to X.sup.3 are each independently H, F, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; when X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are both H, X.sup.3 is F or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; Z is a group represented by —COOM, —SO.sub.3M, —OSO.sub.3M, —PO(OM).sub.2, —OPO(OM).sub.2, —BO(OM).sub.2, or —OBO(OM).sub.2; M is H, a metal atom, NR.sup.1.sub.4, optionally substituted imidazolium, optionally substituted pyridinium, or optionally substituted phosphonium; and R.sup.1 is independently H or an organic group, and any two R.sup.1 are optionally bonded to each other to form a ring.