A photopolymerizable composition comprises at least a polymerizable resin, a photosensitizer, an annihilator, and a photoinitiator. The photosensitizer is formulated to absorb an excitation light signal received in a first range of wavelengths. The annihilator is formulated to emit a light signal in a second range of wavelengths different from the first. During the absorption of light by the photosensitizer in the first range of wavelengths, the annihilator emits a light signal in the second range, a photon energy of the emitted light signal being greater than a photon energy of the light signal received by the photosensitizer. The annihilator is also formulated to implement an energy transfer mechanism to excite the photoinitiator for polymerization of the resin. The excited photoinitiator is formulated to generate at least one polymerizable initiator to cause the polymerization reaction. Related methods, such as three-dimensional printing methods, and materials are also disclosed.

Compounds of formula (I) are photoinitiators or photosensitizers in a photopolymerizable composition: ##STR00001##
R.sub.1 represents a monovalent, linear, branched or cyclic, aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with substituent(s) selected from —Cl, —Br, —OH, ═O, —NH—CO—OR.sub.2, —NH—CO—R.sub.2 or free-radically or ionically polymerizable groups. Each R.sub.2 is independently —H or C.sub.1-6 alkyl; n is ≥1. If n=1, Z and Y are absent and X represents —OR.sub.3; if n is >1, Z represents —OR.sub.4—, Y represents —OR.sub.5— and X represents —H or —OH. R.sub.3 represents —H or R.sub.1; and R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 each independently represent a bivalent hydrocarbon group. The polymerizable moieties as optional substituents of R.sub.1 are polymerizable double or triple bonds, lactam, lactone and epoxide moieties, which are subjectable to ring-opening polymerization; and two of R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 may be linked to one another to form a ring or a dimer.

A method for indirect additive manufacturing of an object, the method comprising: (i) separately feeding a powder from which said object is to be manufactured and either a difunctional curable monomer according to Formula (I) or an adhesive polymer binder into an additive manufacturing device; (ii) dispensing selectively positioned droplets of said difunctional curable monomer or adhesive polymer binder, from a printhead of said additive manufacturing device, into a bed of said powder to bind particles of said powder with said difunctional curable monomer or adhesive polymer binder to produce a curable preform having a shape of the object to be manufactured; and, in the case of the difunctional curable monomer, (iii) curing said curable preform to form a crosslinked object.

The present invention provides a liquid crystal display device in which display unevenness is suppressed by preventing degradation of TFT characteristics due to photo-alignment treatment. The liquid crystal display device of the present invention is a liquid crystal display device including: a thin-film transistor substrate; and a liquid crystal layer, the thin-film transistor substrate including a thin-film transistor having a channel etch structure and an alignment film, the thin-film transistor including a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, a channel layer containing an oxide semiconductor, and a pair of a source electrode and a drain electrode in the stated order, the oxide semiconductor containing indium, tin, zinc, and oxygen, the alignment film having a photofunctional group.

The invention relates to a multifunctional acrylic product having a number-average functionality f of acrylate groups greater than 2.1, which is the product of reaction by esterification and by etherification, via Michael addition reaction, between a) a polyol or a mixture of polyols R(OH).sub.m having a functionality m of at least 3 for a polyol alone or having an average functionality greater than 2.1 for a mixture of polyols, and b) the acrylic acid (R.sub.1OH) in the presence of c) at least one cyclic polycarboxylic anhydride or of its polyacid form having a carboxy functionality z of at least 2 and up to 4, the ratio r.sub.1 of number of carboxy groups of said anhydride or polyacid c) with respect to those of the acrylic acid b) r.sub.1=CO.sub.2Hc/CO.sub.2Hb being from 0.01 to 0.4 with overall r=CO.sub.2H/OH<1, said acrylic product comprising in its composition both: units A) of oligoether-ester acrylate that are derived from a) and b) and units B) of oligoester acrylate that are derived from c),
said acrylic product being a mixture of acrylic products comprising at least one acrylic product p1 chemically linking, in its molecular structure, the two types of units A) and B) as defined above.

The invention also relates to a process for preparing said product, to crosslinkable compositions comprising same and to the use thereof in coatings, sealing, moulding or composite compositions, chemical sealing compositions, 3D printing compositions or compositions for 3D objects produced layer-by-layer. One particular advantage of these compositions is their low shrinkage despite their high functionality.

The invention relates to water soluble crosslinkable prepolymers for the preparation of chemically stable crosslinked polymer gels, a process for preparing the same, compositions containing the same and their use such as a medical or dental filler composition.

A liquid crystal composition containing a polymerizable liquid crystal compound (A) having 5 or more ring structures in its main chain and a polymer (B) of the polymerizable liquid crystal compound (A) having 5 or more ring structures in its main chain, which inhibits occurrence of an orientation defect of a liquid crystal compound and exhibits excellent storage stability when dissolved in a solvent is provided.

This invention relates to malienated derivatives made from maleic anhydride, functionalized monomers, and one or more additional reagents, e.g., an oxygen-containing reagent (e.g., alcohol, polyol), a nitrogen-containing reagent (e.g., amine, polyamine, aminoalcohol), a metal and/or a metal compound. The invention relates to lubricants, functional fluids, fuels, dispersants, detergents and functional compositions (e.g., cleaning solutions, food compositions, etc.)

The present invention relates to a process, an apparatus and photoswitchable photoinitiators for locally polymerizing a starting material by dual color photopolymerization and a method for volumetric printing of a shaped body (xolography). In particular, photoinitiators are provided, which cause raring of photopolymerizable formulations upon irradiation with two different wavelengths and which maybe used for volumetric printing (xolocure initiators).

Compounds of formula (I) are photoinitiators or photosensitizers in a photopolymerizable composition:

##STR00001##

R.sub.1 represents a monovalent, linear, branched or cyclic, aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with substituent(s) selected from —Cl, —Br, —OH, ═O, —NH—CO—OR.sub.2, —NH—CO—R.sub.2 or free-radically or ionically polymerizable groups. Each R.sub.2 is independently —H or C.sub.1-6 alkyl; n is ≥1. If n=1, Z and Y are absent and X represents —OR.sub.3; if n is >1, Z represents —OR.sub.4—, Y represents —OR.sub.5— and X represents —H or —OH. R.sub.3 represents —H or R.sub.1; and R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 each independently represent a bivalent hydrocarbon group. The polymerizable moieties as optional substituents of R.sub.1 are polymerizable double or triple bonds, lactam, lactone and epoxide moieties, which are subjectable to ring-opening polymerization; and two of R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 may be linked to one another to form a ring or a dimer.