A hardmask composition, a hardmask layer including a cured product of the hardmask composition, and a method of forming patterns from the hardmask composition, the hardmask composition includes a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a solvent,

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Provided are a polymer medicament for treating hyperkalemia, and a preparation method thereof. Specifically, a polymer is provided, and the polymer includes repeating units obtained by polymerizing a monomer and a crosslinking agent. A molar ratio of the monomer to the crosslinking reagent ranges from 1:0.02 to 1:0.20. The monomer includes an acidic group and a pKa-reducing group next to the acidic group. The acidic group is selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid group (—SO.sub.3—), sulfuric acid group (—OSO.sub.3—), carboxylic group (—CO.sub.2—), phosphonic acid group (—OPO.sub.3.sup.2—), phosphate group (—OPO.sub.3.sup.2—), and sulfamic acid group (—NHSO.sub.3—). The pKa-reducing group is selected from the group consisting of nitro, cyano, carbonyl, trifluoromethyl, and halogen atoms. The crosslinking agent has three or four reaction sites. The polymer can be used to treat hyperkalemia.

Provided are a polymer medicament for treating hyperkalemia, and a preparation method thereof. Specifically, a polymer is provided, and the polymer includes repeating units obtained by polymerizing a monomer and a crosslinking agent. A molar ratio of the monomer to the crosslinking reagent ranges from 1:0.02 to 1:0.20. The monomer includes an acidic group and a pKa-reducing group next to the acidic group. The acidic group is selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid group (—SO.sub.3—), sulfuric acid group (—OSO.sub.3—), carboxylic group (—CO.sub.2—), phosphonic acid group (—OPO.sub.3.sup.2—), phosphate group (—OPO.sub.3.sup.2—), and sulfamic acid group (—NHSO.sub.3—). The pKa-reducing group is selected from the group consisting of nitro, cyano, carbonyl, trifluoromethyl, and halogen atoms. The crosslinking agent has three or four reaction sites. The polymer can be used to treat hyperkalemia.

The photosensitive composition according to the present invention is a photosensitive composition including a semiconductor particle (A), a photopolymerizable compound (C) and a photopolymerization initiator (D), in which the photosensitive composition satisfies any one or more of the following (a) to (c): (a) the photosensitive composition further includes a stabilizer (E), and a content of the stabilizer (E) is 8% by mass or more based on the total amount of the photosensitive composition; (b) the photopolymerizable compound (C) includes a (meth)acrylate compound (C1) having a molecular weight of 180 or less; and (c) the photopolymerizable compound (C) includes a compound (C2) having a vinyl ether group and a (meth)acryloyl group in the same molecule.

The photosensitive composition according to the present invention is a photosensitive composition including a semiconductor particle (A), a photopolymerizable compound (C) and a photopolymerization initiator (D), in which the photosensitive composition satisfies any one or more of the following (a) to (c): (a) the photosensitive composition further includes a stabilizer (E), and a content of the stabilizer (E) is 8% by mass or more based on the total amount of the photosensitive composition; (b) the photopolymerizable compound (C) includes a (meth)acrylate compound (C1) having a molecular weight of 180 or less; and (c) the photopolymerizable compound (C) includes a compound (C2) having a vinyl ether group and a (meth)acryloyl group in the same molecule.

A binder comprises a monomer and an initiator. The monomer comprises at least one of a difunctional monomer and a monofunctional monomer. A method of manufacturing a part includes depositing a layer of particulate material on a working surface; selectively applying a binder in at least one of an edge of the layer of particulate material and an infill pattern representative of a stress of the object; repeating the steps of depositing and selectively applying to form a plurality of layers of particulate material with the applied binder; and exposing the plurality of layers of particulate material with the applied binder to an excitation source to decompose the initiator and initiate polymerization of the monomer to thereby form the green body part.

A binder comprises a monomer and an initiator. The monomer comprises at least one of a difunctional monomer and a monofunctional monomer. A method of manufacturing a part includes depositing a layer of particulate material on a working surface; selectively applying a binder in at least one of an edge of the layer of particulate material and an infill pattern representative of a stress of the object; repeating the steps of depositing and selectively applying to form a plurality of layers of particulate material with the applied binder; and exposing the plurality of layers of particulate material with the applied binder to an excitation source to decompose the initiator and initiate polymerization of the monomer to thereby form the green body part.

A coating material of the present invention is a coating material containing: a fluorine-containing polymer having at least one of an iodine atom and a bromine atom; and a solvent, wherein a storage elastic modulus G′ of the fluorine-containing polymer is less than 360 kPa, and a total light transmittance of a mixed liquid obtained by mixing and stirring the fluorine-containing polymer and the solvent contained in the coating material is 1.0% or more, the mixed liquid being left to stand for 3 days, stirred again, and left to stand for 30 minutes to measure the total light transmittance.

A coating material of the present invention is a coating material containing: a fluorine-containing polymer having at least one of an iodine atom and a bromine atom; and a solvent, wherein a storage elastic modulus G′ of the fluorine-containing polymer is less than 360 kPa, and a total light transmittance of a mixed liquid obtained by mixing and stirring the fluorine-containing polymer and the solvent contained in the coating material is 1.0% or more, the mixed liquid being left to stand for 3 days, stirred again, and left to stand for 30 minutes to measure the total light transmittance.

A curable composition includes, per 100 parts by mass of a curable compound, 0.1 to 10.0 parts by mass of a compound (A) including a structure represented by the following general formula (I), and 0.01 to 10.0 parts by mass of a base (B):

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where X represents a chalcogen atom, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group.