Copolymers of one or more halogenated olefins and one or more halogenated co-monomers selected from the group consisting of halogenated alkenyl ethers, halogenated alkenyl esters, and halogenated (meth)acrylates are useful in various end-use applications wherein the presence of halogen (e.g., fluorine) in the copolymer imparts one or more desirable properties, as compared to analogous copolymers not containing halogen.

According to one embodiment, a pattern forming material is disclosed. The pattern forming material contains a polymer. The polymer includes a specific first monomer unit. The monomer unit has a structure having ester of a carboxyl group at a terminal of a side chain. In the ester, a carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom next to a carbonyl group is a primary carbon, a secondary carbon or a tertiary carbon. The pattern forming material is used for manufacturing a composite film as a mask pattern for processing a target film on a substrate. The composite film is formed by a process including, forming an organic film on the target film with the pattern forming material, patterning the organic film, and forming the composite film by infiltering a metal compound into the patterned organic film.

According to one embodiment, a pattern forming material is disclosed. The pattern forming material contains a polymer. The polymer includes a specific first monomer unit. The monomer unit has a structure having ester of a carboxyl group at a terminal of a side chain. In the ester, a carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom next to a carbonyl group is a primary carbon, a secondary carbon or a tertiary carbon. The pattern forming material is used for manufacturing a composite film as a mask pattern for processing a target film on a substrate. The composite film is formed by a process including, forming an organic film on the target film with the pattern forming material, patterning the organic film, and forming the composite film by infiltering a metal compound into the patterned organic film.

A copolymer obtained by copolymerization of at least: an apolar monomer (m.sub.a) with the following formula (I), where u=0 or I, w=0 or I, E=-0- or NH(Z), or OCO, or NHCO or CONH, wherein Z is H or an alkyl group, and G is a group selected among an alkyl, an aromatic ring and an arylalkyl; and a polar monomer (m.sub.b) selected among those of the following formula (II), wherein t=0 or I, Q is selected among the oxygen atom and the NR group, wherein R is selected among a hydrogen atom and hydrocarbon chains, and R is a hydrocarbon chain substituted by at least one quaternary ammonium group and optionally one or more hydroxyl groups. The invention also relates to the use of such a copolymer as a detergent additive in a liquid fuel of an internal combustion engine.

A copolymer obtained by copolymerization of at least: an apolar monomer (m.sub.a) with the following formula (I), where u=0 or I, w=0 or I, E=-0- or NH(Z), or OCO, or NHCO or CONH, wherein Z is H or an alkyl group, and G is a group selected among an alkyl, an aromatic ring and an arylalkyl; and a polar monomer (m.sub.b) selected among those of the following formula (II), wherein t=0 or I, Q is selected among the oxygen atom and the NR group, wherein R is selected among a hydrogen atom and hydrocarbon chains, and R is a hydrocarbon chain substituted by at least one quaternary ammonium group and optionally one or more hydroxyl groups. The invention also relates to the use of such a copolymer as a detergent additive in a liquid fuel of an internal combustion engine.

The polymeric dispersant is a copolymer obtainable by copolymerizing at least a first monomer chosen from a maleimide compound and maleic anhydride, and a second monomer being an ethylenically unsaturated monomer and in case of maleic anhydride, conversion of resulting maleic anhydride units to N-substituted maleimide units, wherein the first monomer comprises a first substituent having a substantially non-polar chain and wherein the second monomer comprises a second, more polar substituent. In one embodiment of the copolymerisation method, first and second monomers are used with copolymerisation parameters r1, r2, such that r1 and r20.5. This results in an at least moderately alternating copolymer. The conversion of maleic anhydride units to maleimide may be partial, for instance at least 10%. The polymeric dispersant can be used in an ink dispersion further comprising colorant particles and an aqueous and/or alcoholic carrier liquid.

Provided herein are processes for the generation of composite polymer materials utilizing a single resin. The processes utilize diffusion between a region undergoing a polymerization reaction preferentially polymerizing one monomer component and an unreactive region. Diffusion and subsequent/concurrent polymerization results in a higher concentration of the more reactive monomer component in the reacting region and a higher concentration of the less reactive monomer components in the unreactive region. The unreactive region may be later polymerized. In embodiments, photopolymerization is used and the regions are generated by a mask or other mechanism to pattern the light.

Provided herein are processes for the generation of composite polymer materials utilizing a single resin. The processes utilize diffusion between a region undergoing a polymerization reaction preferentially polymerizing one monomer component and an unreactive region. Diffusion and subsequent/concurrent polymerization results in a higher concentration of the more reactive monomer component in the reacting region and a higher concentration of the less reactive monomer components in the unreactive region. The unreactive region may be later polymerized. In embodiments, photopolymerization is used and the regions are generated by a mask or other mechanism to pattern the light.

Provided is a vinyl alcohol polymer having good fluid loss reducing performance. The vinyl alcohol polymer is a saponified product of a copolymer of a vinyl ester monomer and a multifunctional monomer, and has a degree of saponification of 70 to 95 mol % and a viscosity-average degree of polymerization of 1000 to 10000.

Provided are an ink jet recording aqueous ink composition including: a coloring material; water; an organic solvent d-1 which is represented by Formula 1 or 2 and which has a C log P value of 0.5 to 3.5; and a resin particle including a resin containing 1 mass % to 20 mass % of a monomer unit c-1 having a C log P value more than the C log P value of the organic solvent d-1 and having an anionic group, with respect to a total mass of the resin, in which a content of the organic solvent d-1 is 0.5 mass % to 10 mass % with respect to a total mass of the ink jet recording aqueous ink composition, and an image forming method. ##STR00001##