Polymers useful as catalysts in non-enzymatic saccharification processes are provided. Provided are also methods for hydrolyzing cellulosic materials into monosaccharides and/or oligosaccharides using these polymeric acid catalysts.

Described are high energy light blocking compounds and ophthalmic devices containing the compounds. In particular, described are hydroxyphenyl phenanthroline structures with polymerizable functionality that block high energy light and are visibly transparent. The hydroxyphenyl phenanthroline structures can be incorporated into ophthalmic devices, such as hydrogel contact lenses, to protect eyes from high energy light radiation.

Described are high energy light blocking compounds and ophthalmic devices containing the compounds. In particular, described are hydroxyphenyl phenanthroline structures with polymerizable functionality that block high energy light and are visibly transparent. The hydroxyphenyl phenanthroline structures can be incorporated into ophthalmic devices, such as hydrogel contact lenses, to protect eyes from high energy light radiation.

An method for manufacturing an ophthalmic lens comprises following steps of providing a mixture comprising a gel precursor and a plurality of melanin or melanin analog pigments, each of the plurality of melanin or melanin analog pigment comprising at least one group having a chemical structure of ##STR00001##
or ##STR00002##
the gel precursor comprising an organic additive selected from a group consisting of dopamine methacrylamide having a chemical structure of ##STR00003##
2-aminoethyl methacrylate having a chemical structure of ##STR00004##
N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide having a chemical structure of ##STR00005##
N-(2-aminoethyl)methacrylamide having a chemical structure of ##STR00006##
and any combination thereof; feeding the mixture into a mold, and exposing the mixture to ultraviolet radiation or heating the mixture to form a gel substrate, the melanin or melanin analog pigments dispersed in the gel substrate and anchored to the gel substrate, thereby forming the ophthalmic lens. The disclosure also provides an ophthalmic lens.

An method for manufacturing an ophthalmic lens comprises following steps of providing a mixture comprising a gel precursor and a plurality of melanin or melanin analog pigments, each of the plurality of melanin or melanin analog pigment comprising at least one group having a chemical structure of ##STR00001##
or ##STR00002##
the gel precursor comprising an organic additive selected from a group consisting of dopamine methacrylamide having a chemical structure of ##STR00003##
2-aminoethyl methacrylate having a chemical structure of ##STR00004##
N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide having a chemical structure of ##STR00005##
N-(2-aminoethyl)methacrylamide having a chemical structure of ##STR00006##
and any combination thereof; feeding the mixture into a mold, and exposing the mixture to ultraviolet radiation or heating the mixture to form a gel substrate, the melanin or melanin analog pigments dispersed in the gel substrate and anchored to the gel substrate, thereby forming the ophthalmic lens. The disclosure also provides an ophthalmic lens.

An method for manufacturing an ophthalmic lens comprises following steps of providing a mixture comprising a gel precursor and a plurality of melanin or melanin analogue pigments, each of the plurality of melanin or melanin analogue pigment comprising at least one group having a chemical structure of

##STR00001##

the gel precursor comprising an organic additive selected from a group consisting of dopamine methacrylamide having a chemical structure of

##STR00002##

2-aminoethyl methacrylate having a chemical structure of

##STR00003##

N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide having a chemical structure of

##STR00004##

N-(2-aminoethyl)methacrylamide having a chemical structure of

##STR00005##

and any combination thereof; feeding the mixture into a mold, and exposing the mixture to ultraviolet radiation or heating the mixture to form a gel substrate, the melanin or melanin analogue pigments dispersed in the gel substrate and anchored to the gel substrate, thereby forming the ophthalmic lens. The disclosure also provides an ophthalmic lens.

An method for manufacturing an ophthalmic lens comprises following steps of providing a mixture comprising a gel precursor and a plurality of melanin or melanin analogue pigments, each of the plurality of melanin or melanin analogue pigment comprising at least one group having a chemical structure of

##STR00001##

the gel precursor comprising an organic additive selected from a group consisting of dopamine methacrylamide having a chemical structure of

##STR00002##

2-aminoethyl methacrylate having a chemical structure of

##STR00003##

N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide having a chemical structure of

##STR00004##

N-(2-aminoethyl)methacrylamide having a chemical structure of

##STR00005##

and any combination thereof; feeding the mixture into a mold, and exposing the mixture to ultraviolet radiation or heating the mixture to form a gel substrate, the melanin or melanin analogue pigments dispersed in the gel substrate and anchored to the gel substrate, thereby forming the ophthalmic lens. The disclosure also provides an ophthalmic lens.

Polymers including acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone are disclosed. The polymers may also include, e.g., acidic-ionic monomers within the polymeric backbone. Each acidic monomer may independently include at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, and each ionic monomer may independently include at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous-containing cationic group. The acidic monomers and ionic monomers may make up, e.g., at least about 30% of the monomers of the polymer, based on the ratio of the number of acidic monomers and ionic monomers to the total number of monomers present in the polymer. The total number of ionic monomers may, e.g., exceed the total number of acidic monomers in the polymer. The polymer may be substantially insoluble in water.

Polymers including acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone are disclosed. The polymers may also include, e.g., acidic-ionic monomers within the polymeric backbone. Each acidic monomer may independently include at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, and each ionic monomer may independently include at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous-containing cationic group. The acidic monomers and ionic monomers may make up, e.g., at least about 30% of the monomers of the polymer, based on the ratio of the number of acidic monomers and ionic monomers to the total number of monomers present in the polymer. The total number of ionic monomers may, e.g., exceed the total number of acidic monomers in the polymer. The polymer may be substantially insoluble in water.

Polymers including acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone are disclosed. The polymers may also include, e.g., acidic-ionic monomers within the polymeric backbone. Each acidic monomer may independently include at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, and each ionic monomer may independently include at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous-containing cationic group. The acidic monomers and ionic monomers may make up, e.g., at least about 30% of the monomers of the polymer, based on the ratio of the number of acidic monomers and ionic monomers to the total number of monomers present in the polymer. The total number of ionic monomers may, e.g., exceed the total number of acidic monomers in the polymer. The polymer may be substantially insoluble in water.