A thermosetting resin composition contains a thermosetting resin and an inorganic filler. The thermosetting resin includes a curing agent. A 3 mass % methyl ethyl ketone solution of the curing agent has a Gardner color scale of 15 or more. The content of the curing agent accounts for 10 mass % or more of a total solid content of the thermosetting resin composition.

A thermosetting resin composition contains a thermosetting resin and an inorganic filler. The thermosetting resin includes a curing agent. A 3 mass % methyl ethyl ketone solution of the curing agent has a Gardner color scale of 15 or more. The content of the curing agent accounts for 10 mass % or more of a total solid content of the thermosetting resin composition.

Processes for manufacturing novolacs and resoles from lignin are disclosed. A phenol-aldehyde-lignin dispersion is formed which can then be used to make either a novolac or a resole, depending upon the catalysts used.

Processes for manufacturing novolacs and resoles from lignin are disclosed. A phenol-aldehyde-lignin dispersion is formed which can then be used to make either a novolac or a resole, depending upon the catalysts used.

Novolak resins are incorporated for enhancing the acid resistance of polyamide compositions. Polyamide compositions containing such novolak resins are useful for producing various plastic shaped articles, such as calibrated particles or injection-molded parts, and are particularly useful for the recovery of sludge, liquids, and gases present in underground reservoirs, especially in the field of hydrocarbon extraction such as crude oil or natural gas.

Novolak resins are incorporated for enhancing the acid resistance of polyamide compositions. Polyamide compositions containing such novolak resins are useful for producing various plastic shaped articles, such as calibrated particles or injection-molded parts, and are particularly useful for the recovery of sludge, liquids, and gases present in underground reservoirs, especially in the field of hydrocarbon extraction such as crude oil or natural gas.

The disclosed invention is a process for liquefaction of hydrolysis residue of lignocellulosic biomass, original lignocellulosic biomass or municipal solid waste in alcohol-water media at alkaline conditions, for the production of low-M.sub.w bio-oils. The disclosed process is characterized in that it works for the direct liquefaction of the biomass, and operates under mild conditions (<300 C. and <10 MPa) employing alkali compounds as catalysts (NaOH, KOH, CaO, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, K.sub.2CO.sub.3, Ca(OH).sub.2 or Ba(OH).sub.2). The process is further characterized in that it employs mixed solvents (glycerol-water, ethylene-glycol, water, glycerol-alcohol-water or ethylene-glycol-alcohol water), where all solvents are recyclable and reusable. The low-Mw bio-oils from hydrolysis residue of lignocellulosic biomass, original lignocellulosic biomass or municipal solid waste can be utilized as a liquid bio-fuel or bio-based chemicals for the production of various bio-based materials.

The present invention provides an optical component forming composition comprising a tellurium-containing compound or a tellurium-containing resin.

A compound represented by the following formula (1): ##STR00001## wherein each X independently represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, or non-crosslinking, R.sup.1 represents a single bond or a 2n-valent group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, the group may have an alicyclic hydrocarbon group, a double bond, a hetero atom, or an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, each R.sup.2 independently represents a straight, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyl group, in which at least one R.sup.2 represents an alkoxy group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms or an aryloxy group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, each m is independently an integer of 1 to 6, each p is independently 0 or 1, and n is an integer of 1 to 4.

A compound represented by the following formula (1): ##STR00001## wherein each X independently represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, or non-crosslinking, R.sup.1 represents a single bond or a 2n-valent group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, the group may have an alicyclic hydrocarbon group, a double bond, a hetero atom, or an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, each R.sup.2 independently represents a straight, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyl group, in which at least one R.sup.2 represents an alkoxy group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms or an aryloxy group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, each m is independently an integer of 1 to 6, each p is independently 0 or 1, and n is an integer of 1 to 4.