A method for synthesizing a poly(phenylene) with high ion selectivity comprises dissolving an alkyl halide poly(phenylene) in a polar aprotic solvent to form a nonaqueous solution and adding an anhydrous nucleophile to the nonaqueous solution to replace the halide of the alkyl halide poly(phenylene) with a cationic group of the nucleophile. The poly(phenylene) can be used in anion exchange membranes.

This is to provide a non-halogen containing compound excellent in proton conductivity and capable of suitably being used for a polymer electrolytic fuel cell The compound of the present invention has a structure represented by the following general formula (I). ##STR00001## (In the above-mentioned general formula (I), “l” and “n” are molar fractions when l+n=1.0, and 0≤l<1.0 and 0<n≤1.0, A represents a structure represented by the following general formula (II) or (III), B represents a structure represented by the following general formula (VII), the respective structural units are random copolymerized, and at least one benzene ring in the formula (I) has at least one sulfo group.) ##STR00002## (In the above-mentioned general formula (II) or (III), R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are each independently selected from hydrogen and an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, le and R.sup.2 form together with the carbon atom, they are attached to, an aromatic ring or a fused aromatic ring and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 form together with the carbon atom, they are attached to, an aromatic ring or a fused aromatic ring, or R.sup.1, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are hydrogens and R.sup.2 is a single bond and bonded to the carbon of “c”, X is a single bond, or a structure represented by the following formula (IV), the following formula (V) or the following formula (VI), when X is a single bond, bonds “a”s are both bonded at ortho positions or both bonded at meta positions relative to the carbons bonded to X, when X is a structure represented by the following formula (IV), bonds “a”s are both bonded at para positions relative to the carbons bonded to X, and when it is a structure represented by the following formula (V), bonds “a”s are both bonded at para positions or both bonded at meta positions relative to the carbons bonded to x, when X is a structure represented by the following formula (VI), the bonds “a”s in the above-mentioned general formula (II) or (III) exist only one of these, and A binds to other structure or a structural unit by one of the bonds “a”s and the bond “b”.) ##STR00003##

This is to provide a non-halogen containing compound excellent in proton conductivity and capable of suitably being used for a polymer electrolytic fuel cell The compound of the present invention has a structure represented by the following general formula (I). ##STR00001## (In the above-mentioned general formula (I), “l” and “n” are molar fractions when l+n=1.0, and 0≤l<1.0 and 0<n≤1.0, A represents a structure represented by the following general formula (II) or (III), B represents a structure represented by the following general formula (VII), the respective structural units are random copolymerized, and at least one benzene ring in the formula (I) has at least one sulfo group.) ##STR00002## (In the above-mentioned general formula (II) or (III), R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are each independently selected from hydrogen and an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, le and R.sup.2 form together with the carbon atom, they are attached to, an aromatic ring or a fused aromatic ring and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 form together with the carbon atom, they are attached to, an aromatic ring or a fused aromatic ring, or R.sup.1, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are hydrogens and R.sup.2 is a single bond and bonded to the carbon of “c”, X is a single bond, or a structure represented by the following formula (IV), the following formula (V) or the following formula (VI), when X is a single bond, bonds “a”s are both bonded at ortho positions or both bonded at meta positions relative to the carbons bonded to X, when X is a structure represented by the following formula (IV), bonds “a”s are both bonded at para positions relative to the carbons bonded to X, and when it is a structure represented by the following formula (V), bonds “a”s are both bonded at para positions or both bonded at meta positions relative to the carbons bonded to x, when X is a structure represented by the following formula (VI), the bonds “a”s in the above-mentioned general formula (II) or (III) exist only one of these, and A binds to other structure or a structural unit by one of the bonds “a”s and the bond “b”.) ##STR00003##

Described herein are methods, compositions and articles of manufacture involving neutral conjugated polymers including methods for synthesis of neutral conjugated water-soluble polymers with linkers along the polymer main chain structure and terminal end capping units. Such polymers may serve in the fabrication of novel optoelectronic devices and in the development of highly efficient biosensors. The invention further relates to the application of these polymers in assay methods.

An electrochemical system utilizes an anion conducting layer disposed between an anode and a cathode for transporting a working fluid. The working fluid may include carbon dioxide that is dissolved in water and is partially converted to carbonic acid that is equilibrium with bicarbonate anion. An electrical potential across the anode and cathode creates a pH gradient that drives the bicarbonate anion across the anion conducting layer to the cathode, wherein it is reformed into carbon dioxide. Therefore, carbon dioxide is pumped across the anion conducting layer.

The invention relates to the fabrication of membranes based on polyphenylene-based polymers—and more particularly, for example, quaternary ammonium functionalized polyphenylene-based polymers—utilizing a class of green sustainable organic solvents, such as cyclic ketones, by casting or coating for use in high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells or water electrolyzers.

The invention relates to the fabrication of membranes based on polyphenylene-based polymers—and more particularly, for example, quaternary ammonium functionalized polyphenylene-based polymers—utilizing a class of green sustainable organic solvents, such as cyclic ketones, by casting or coating for use in high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells or water electrolyzers.

Disclosed is a graft copolymer containing a polyfluorene-based polymer as a main chain and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a side chain, and an element including the same. The graft copolymer contains both the polyfluorene-based polymer and the PVDF, so that the graft copolymer may increase miscibility between polymers to prepare a composite having excellent performance, prepare an uniform thin film through a solution process, and be used as a single material that exhibits both piezoelectric properties and luminescence properties.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of aryl compounds and polymers thereof that are made using methods that do not require harsh conditions or expensive reagents. The methods disclosed herein utilize precursor compounds that can be polymerized to form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polymers, such as carbon-based polymers like nanostructures (e.g., graphene or graphene-like nanoribbons).

Disclosed herein are embodiments of aryl compounds and polymers thereof that are made using methods that do not require harsh conditions or expensive reagents. The methods disclosed herein utilize precursor compounds that can be polymerized to form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polymers, such as carbon-based polymers like nanostructures (e.g., graphene or graphene-like nanoribbons).