An organic light-emitting device comprising an anode (103); a cathode (109); a light-emitting layer (105) between the anode and the cathode; and an electron-transporting layer (107) comprising an electron-transporting material between the cathode and the light-emitting layer, wherein the cathode comprises a layer of a conducting material (109B) and a layer of an alkali metal compound (109A) between the electron-transporting layer and the layer of conducting material and wherein the electron-transporting material is a conjugated polymer comprising arylene repeat units.

Compounds of the formula D-S.sup.1-A-S.sup.2B.sup.1 wherein A comprises a 2,7-disubstituted 9,9-fluoroalkyl fluorene diradical of the formula

##STR00001## wherein S.sup.1, S.sup.2, D and B.sup.1 have meanings given in the description that are useful as charge transport and emissive materials for the fabrication of electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic devices.

A copolymer including a structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 2:

##STR00001## wherein in Chemical Formula 1 and Chemical Formula 2, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, L.sup.1, A.sup.1, A.sup.4, *, and *.sup.2 are the same as defined herein.

Provided are an anion exchange resin being capable of producing an electrolyte membrane, a binder for forming an electrode catalyst layer, and a battery electrode catalyst layer, which has excellent electrical properties (anion conductivity) and chemical properties (gas permeability and water uptake property), an electrolyte membrane and a binder for forming an electrode catalyst layer formed from the anion exchange resin, and a battery electrode catalyst layer formed from the binder for forming an electrode catalyst layer.

For example, used is an anion exchange resin in which a hydrophobic unit being composed of divalent hydrophobic groups including a bisphenol residue having an alicyclic structure, which are repeated via carbon-carbon bond, a hydrophobic unit being composed of hydrophobic groups of a plurality of aromatic rings bonded to each other via a divalent fluorine-containing hydrocarbon group, which are repeated via carbon-carbon bond, and a hydrophilic unit having a fluorene ring bonded to an anion exchange group-containing group are bonded via carbon-carbon bond.

The present invention discloses several kinds of polymer hole-transporting material, comprising homopolymers or copolymers. The present invention also shows application in inverted-structure perovskite solar cells.

Anion exchange polymers comprise a plurality of repeating units of formula (I). The polymer may be synthesized from a super acid catalyzed polyhydroxyalkylation reaction of monomers Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.2, and X.sub.1 to form a neutral precursor polymer followed by a Menshutkin reaction to convert the neutral precursor polymer to the anion exchange polymer. ##STR00001##
Anion exchange membranes and membrane electrode assemblies incorporating the anion exchange polymers are also described.

Provided are a method for producing an anion exchange resin which is capable of producing an electrolyte membrane with excellent mechanical property (strength). A monomer for forming a hydrophobic group is reacted with a monomer for forming a hydrophilic group in the presence of bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) as a catalyst, 2,2-bipyridine as a co-ligand, a bromide or an iodide as a co-catalyst, and a reducing agent to produce an anion exchange resin where the hydrophobic group is connected to the hydrophilic group via direct bond, in which a mole number of bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) is 0.3 to 1.8 times a total mole number of the monomer for forming a hydrophobic group and the monomer for forming a hydrophilic group.