A method of making a non-solid state polyester that includes: a) reacting terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; b) removing the water continuously; c) polymerizing the monomers and oligomers in vacuum conditions at a temperature to form molten polyester having an IV (intrinsic viscosity) of about 0.7 to 0.85 dl/g; d) extruding the molten polyester through a die; e) cutting and quenching the molten polyester, forming polyester pellets; f) drying the polyester pellets and transferring the polyester pellets to a storage vessel; g) transferring the polyester pellets to the upper end of a conditioning vessel while a countercurrent flow of air is circulated through the polyester pellets; and h) transferring the polyester pellets to the top of a crystallizer vessel to form a bed of polyester pellets flowing by gravity towards the bottom of the vessel while a countercurrent flow of nitrogen is circulated through the bed, and heating the polyester pellets, wherein increase of the IV of the polyester pellets is less than about 0.01 to 0.015 dl/g and the polyester pellets have a crystallinity greater than about 52%.

A method of making a non-solid state polyester that includes: a) reacting terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; b) removing the water continuously; c) polymerizing the monomers and oligomers in vacuum conditions at a temperature to form molten polyester having an IV (intrinsic viscosity) of about 0.7 to 0.85 dl/g; d) extruding the molten polyester through a die; e) cutting and quenching the molten polyester, forming polyester pellets; f) drying the polyester pellets and transferring the polyester pellets to a storage vessel; g) transferring the polyester pellets to the upper end of a conditioning vessel while a countercurrent flow of air is circulated through the polyester pellets; and h) transferring the polyester pellets to the top of a crystallizer vessel to form a bed of polyester pellets flowing by gravity towards the bottom of the vessel while a countercurrent flow of nitrogen is circulated through the bed, and heating the polyester pellets, wherein increase of the IV of the polyester pellets is less than about 0.01 to 0.015 dl/g and the polyester pellets have a crystallinity greater than about 52%.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a lamination type photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains a polyester resin having a structure represented by Formula (1) at a terminal and a charge transport material, and in a case where a weight-average molecular weight Mw of the polyester resin is defined as A (×10,000), a value of a ratio M1/M2 of a mass M1 of the charge transport material to a mass M2 of an entire charge transport layer is defined as Cs, and an average thickness of the charge transport layer is defined as Ds (μm), expressions of 7≤A≤40, 0.28≤Cs≤0.55, 27≤Ds≤50, and 5.0≤(A×Ds)/(Cs×100)≤70 are satisfied,

##STR00001## in Formula (1), nd represents an integer of 0 or greater and 4 or less, nd number of Rd's each independently represent a hydrocarbon group having 1 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, L represents an ether bond or a —O—C(═O)— group, and * represent a bonding portion.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a lamination type photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains a polyester resin having a structure represented by Formula (1) at a terminal and a charge transport material, and in a case where a weight-average molecular weight Mw of the polyester resin is defined as A (×10,000), a value of a ratio M1/M2 of a mass M1 of the charge transport material to a mass M2 of an entire charge transport layer is defined as Cs, and an average thickness of the charge transport layer is defined as Ds (μm), expressions of 7≤A≤40, 0.28≤Cs≤0.55, 27≤Ds≤50, and 5.0≤(A×Ds)/(Cs×100)≤70 are satisfied,

##STR00001## in Formula (1), nd represents an integer of 0 or greater and 4 or less, nd number of Rd's each independently represent a hydrocarbon group having 1 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, L represents an ether bond or a —O—C(═O)— group, and * represent a bonding portion.

A biodegradable composite material which is produced by polymerizing a mixture of an aqueous dispersion of a natural polymer nanofiber including any one or more of a chitin nanofiber and a cellulose nanofiber, a dicarboxylic acid or a derivative thereof, and a diol. The biodegradable composite material has excellent biodegradable and mechanical properties.

A biodegradable composite material which is produced by polymerizing a mixture of an aqueous dispersion of a natural polymer nanofiber including any one or more of a chitin nanofiber and a cellulose nanofiber, a dicarboxylic acid or a derivative thereof, and a diol. The biodegradable composite material has excellent biodegradable and mechanical properties.

A curative for epoxidized plant-based oils and epoxidized natural rubber is created from the reaction between a naturally occurring polyfunctional acid and an epoxidized plant-based oil is disclosed. The curative may be used to produce porosity-free castable resins and vulcanize rubber formulations based on epoxidized natural rubber. Materials made from disclosed materials may be advantageously used as leather substitutes.

A curative for epoxidized plant-based oils and epoxidized natural rubber is created from the reaction between a naturally occurring polyfunctional acid and an epoxidized plant-based oil is disclosed. The curative may be used to produce porosity-free castable resins and vulcanize rubber formulations based on epoxidized natural rubber. Materials made from disclosed materials may be advantageously used as leather substitutes.

The present disclosure relates to a liquid crystal polyester resin composition comprising a liquid crystal polyester resin with a low dielectric constant and a low dielectric loss containing a naphthoic acid monomer as a main skeleton and a hydroxybenzoic acid; a glass bubble having a pressure resistance of 12,000 psi or more; and an inorganic filler such as mica. The present disclosure provides a liquid crystal polyester resin composition suitable for 5G communication materials, which can achieve low dielectric loss characteristics, and at the same time, the addition of glass bubbles with excellent pressure resistance can achieve a low dielectric constant and a low dielectric loss through the maintenance of the hollow body of the glass bubbles even after melt extrusion.

The present disclosure relates to a liquid crystal polyester resin composition comprising a liquid crystal polyester resin with a low dielectric constant and a low dielectric loss containing a naphthoic acid monomer as a main skeleton and a hydroxybenzoic acid; a glass bubble having a pressure resistance of 12,000 psi or more; and an inorganic filler such as mica. The present disclosure provides a liquid crystal polyester resin composition suitable for 5G communication materials, which can achieve low dielectric loss characteristics, and at the same time, the addition of glass bubbles with excellent pressure resistance can achieve a low dielectric constant and a low dielectric loss through the maintenance of the hollow body of the glass bubbles even after melt extrusion.