The present invention is concerned with a reactive surfactant composition for emulsion polymerization, which is able to micronize the particle diameter of a polymer emulsion and to reduce the addition amount of the reactive surfactant composition to be used.

The reactive surfactant composition for emulsion polymerization of the present invention contains a reactive anionic surfactant (component A) represented by the following formula (I), the component A being satisfied with the following requirement R:

##STR00001## wherein AO represents an alkyleneoxy group having a carbon number of 3 or more and 18 or less; E represents an ethyleneoxy group; p represents an integer of 1 or more and 15 or less; m represents an integer of 0 or more; n represents an integer of 0 or more; M.sup.+ represents a hydrogen ion or a cation; and plural kinds of AOs may coexist.

Requirement R: An average addition molar number m of AO is a number of 1 or more and 50 or less; an average addition molar number n of EO is a number of 0 or more and 200 or less; and when in the component A, a component having an addition molar number of AO of (m3) or less is defined as (component A-1), and a component having an addition molar number of AO of (m+2) or more is defined as (component A-2), X in the following formula (I) is less than 30, provided that when m is less than 3, (m=0) is defined as (component A-1):

X={(molar number of component A-1)+(molar number of component A-2)}(molar number of component A)100(I).

The invention relates to inorganic-organic hybrid materials comprising interpenetrated organic and inorganic components, wherein the organic component comprises polymer chains formed at least in part by ring-opening polymerization of a cyclic monomer, and processes for the production thereof.

The invention relates to inorganic-organic hybrid materials comprising interpenetrated organic and inorganic components, wherein the organic component comprises polymer chains formed at least in part by ring-opening polymerization of a cyclic monomer, and processes for the production thereof.

The present invention provides a polyrotaxane having high durability and in particular, high hydrolysis resistance, and a method for producing said polyrotaxane. The present invention provides a polyrotaxane obtained by disposing blocking groups on both ends of a pseudopolyrotaxane so that an annular molecule cannot be displaced, said pseudopolyrotaxane being obtained by forming a clathrate by piercing the opening of the cyclic molecule with a linear molecule, said polyrotaxane being characterized in that the cyclic molecule has a substituent represented by formula I (in formula I, R.sub.1 represents a group such as CH.sub.3 and CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, R.sub.2 represents H or a group such as CH.sub.3, and n is the apparent degree of polymerization of a polyalkylene oxide chain or a derivative thereof added to the cyclic molecule, the value of n being 1.1 to 10.0).

The present invention provides an optical composition from which an optical article having reduced poor appearance such as cloudiness and optical strain during lens base material production can be obtained, and when a photochromic compound is added, a photochromic cured body having excellent photochromism and mechanical strength can also be formed, and a polyrotaxane used therefor. The polyrotaxane has a composite molecular structure formed of an axle molecule and a plurality of cyclic molecules clathrating the axle molecule, satisfying at least one of (X) and (Y). (X): A side chain having a secondary or tertiary hydroxyl group is introduced into at least part of the cyclic molecule of the polyrotaxane. (Y): A side chain having a group represented by -A (A is an organic group, and contains at least one hydroxyl group) is introduced into at least part of the cyclic molecule of the polyrotaxane, and a pKa of the hydroxyl group of the compound represented by H-A is 6 or more and less than 14.

provided is a composition containing electron-donating polymer (D) having a structure represented by the following formula (1), and electron-withdrawing polymer (A) having a structure represented by the following formula (2):

##STR00001##

wherein definition of the symbols are as described in the DESCRIPTION.

A low-cost electrochemical capacitor is provided which has high capacity and excellent charging and discharging characteristics, simultaneously has excellent safety and reliability, and has the basic performance as a capacitor, achieved in that, as the electrolyte between a negative electrode and a positive electrode, a solution of an ambient temperature molten salt and a specific polyether copolymer is allowed to gel using a specific photoreaction initiator and is held between the two electrodes. This low-cost electrochemical capacitor has the basic performance of a capacitor, has high capacity and excellent charging and discharging characteristics without use of a separator, and simultaneously has excellent safety and reliability.

The present invention provides an optical composition from which an optical article having reduced poor appearance such as cloudiness and optical strain during lens base material production can be obtained, and when a photochromic compound is added, a photochromic cured body having excellent photochromism and mechanical strength can also be formed, and a polyrotaxane used therefor. The polyrotaxane has a composite molecular structure formed of an axle molecule and a plurality of cyclic molecules clathrating the axle molecule, satisfying at least one of (X) and (Y). (X): A side chain having a secondary or tertiary hydroxyl group is introduced into at least part of the cyclic molecule of the polyrotaxane. (Y): A side chain having a group represented by -A (A is an organic group, and contains at least one hydroxyl group) is introduced into at least part of the cyclic molecule of the polyrotaxane, and a pKa of the hydroxyl group of the compound represented by H-A is 6 or more and less than 14.

The present invention provides an optical composition from which an optical article having reduced poor appearance such as cloudiness and optical strain during lens base material production can be obtained, and when a photochromic compound is added, a photochromic cured body having excellent photochromism and mechanical strength can also be formed, and a polyrotaxane used therefor. The polyrotaxane has a composite molecular structure formed of an axle molecule and a plurality of cyclic molecules clathrating the axle molecule, satisfying at least one of (X) and (Y). (X): A side chain having a secondary or tertiary hydroxyl group is introduced into at least part of the cyclic molecule of the polyrotaxane. (Y): A side chain having a group represented by -A (A is an organic group, and contains at least one hydroxyl group) is introduced into at least part of the cyclic molecule of the polyrotaxane, and a pKa of the hydroxyl group of the compound represented by H-A is 6 or more and less than 14.

Poly(cyclic acetal)s, methods of making same, and uses of same. The poly(cyclic acetal)s may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 10 to 3000 kiloDaltons (kDa) and over 50% of the chain ends may exclude hydroxyl groups. The poly(cyclic acetal) may be a homopolymer or copolymer(s) of poly(1,3-dioxolane) (PDXL). The poly(cyclic acetal)s may have one or more or all of: a thermal stability (Td,5%) of 337? C. to 392? C.; a thermal stability of (Td.50%) of 377? C. to 462? C.; or an Arrhenius activation energy (Ea) of 85.0 kJ/mol with 2 mol % of strong acid (e.g., pKa less than or equal to 4). Methods of polymerizing poly(cyclic acetal)s may comprise reacting cyclic acetal monomers with either Lewis acid catalysts and haloalkyl ether initiators or organic cation salt catalyst(s) and proton traps. Methods of chemically recycling poly(cyclic acetal)s into cyclic acetals may react poly(cyclic acetal)s with strong acids.