The invention relates to thin metal electrode films for use in high-performance device systems comprising: a substrate; an underlayer; and a primer layer coated with metal coating. The thin metal electrode film has metal wiring with high resolution on a substrate and thus has excellent electrical properties. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing thin metal electrode film.

The invention relates to thin metal electrode films for use in high-performance device systems comprising: a substrate; an underlayer; and a primer layer coated with metal coating. The thin metal electrode film has metal wiring with high resolution on a substrate and thus has excellent electrical properties. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing thin metal electrode film.

A film forming material for lithography, including a resin having a polybenzimidazole structure represented by the following formula (1).

##STR00001##

Y and Z are each a single bond, a divalent linking group comprising a chalcogen atom, or a divalent linking group derived from a compound selected from an aromatic compound and the like, R.sup.1 is independently a hydrogen atom, or a substituent T selected from the group consisting of a specified alkyl group and the like, a halogen atom, a nitro group, an amino group, a cyano group, a carboxylic acid group, a thiol group and a hydroxy group, wherein the alkyl group and the like each optionally include an ether bond, a ketone bond, an ester bond or a urethane bond, R.sup.2 is a substituent T, m is an integer of 0 to 3, and n is an integer of 1 to 10000.

A film forming material for lithography, including a resin having a polybenzimidazole structure represented by the following formula (1).

##STR00001##

Y and Z are each a single bond, a divalent linking group comprising a chalcogen atom, or a divalent linking group derived from a compound selected from an aromatic compound and the like, R.sup.1 is independently a hydrogen atom, or a substituent T selected from the group consisting of a specified alkyl group and the like, a halogen atom, a nitro group, an amino group, a cyano group, a carboxylic acid group, a thiol group and a hydroxy group, wherein the alkyl group and the like each optionally include an ether bond, a ketone bond, an ester bond or a urethane bond, R.sup.2 is a substituent T, m is an integer of 0 to 3, and n is an integer of 1 to 10000.

The invention relates to a method for preparing polybenzimidazoles of formula (1) or (2) below, wherein n is ≥2: ##STR00001## by polycondensation of corresponding dicarboxylic acids or dialdehydes and tetraamines by jointly heating the reactants, characterized in that the preparation of polybenzimidazoles of formula (1) or (2) is carried out by using the dialdehydes as starting material and substantially without the formation of any intermediates, wherein a) first, the dialdehyde and the tetraamine are mixed in water at room temperature, which results in the formation of a polyimine by-product; whereafter b) polycondensation is carried out under hydrothermal conditions by heating, in water as a solvent and under pressure, to temperatures above 100° C.

The invention relates to a method for preparing polybenzimidazoles of formula (1) or (2) below, wherein n is ≥2: ##STR00001## by polycondensation of corresponding dicarboxylic acids or dialdehydes and tetraamines by jointly heating the reactants, characterized in that the preparation of polybenzimidazoles of formula (1) or (2) is carried out by using the dialdehydes as starting material and substantially without the formation of any intermediates, wherein a) first, the dialdehyde and the tetraamine are mixed in water at room temperature, which results in the formation of a polyimine by-product; whereafter b) polycondensation is carried out under hydrothermal conditions by heating, in water as a solvent and under pressure, to temperatures above 100° C.

Described herein are crosslinked alkylated poly(benzimidazole) and poly(imidazole) polymer materials and devices (e.g., fuel cells, water electrolyzers) including these polymer materials. The polymer materials can be prepared in a convenient manner, allowing for applications such as anion exchange membranes (AEMs). The membranes provide high anion conductivities over a wider range of operating conditions when compared to the analogous membranes that are not cross-linked. The crosslinked polymer materials have improved alkaline stability, when compared to the analogous non-crosslinked polymer materials.

Described herein are crosslinked alkylated poly(benzimidazole) and poly(imidazole) polymer materials and devices (e.g., fuel cells, water electrolyzers) including these polymer materials. The polymer materials can be prepared in a convenient manner, allowing for applications such as anion exchange membranes (AEMs). The membranes provide high anion conductivities over a wider range of operating conditions when compared to the analogous membranes that are not cross-linked. The crosslinked polymer materials have improved alkaline stability, when compared to the analogous non-crosslinked polymer materials.

The present disclosure relates to a polymeric blend composite comprising Poly Ether Ketone/Poly-(2,5-Benzimidazole) containing pre-treated multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) between 0.5 to 5 wt % were melt processed on a twin-screw extruder and granules so obtained were injection molded to determine heat deflection temperature (HDT) of these composites and storage modulus using DMA. It was found that HDT and storage Modulus for so produced reinforced blends were unexpectedly extremely high as compared to PEK/ABPBI blends without MWCNTs.

A continuous automated process and production line for preparing an acid doped polybenzimidazole, PBI, polymer membrane film for use in a fuel cell, the process comprising a washing stage, a drying procedure, and a doping stage.