A polymer compound comprising a structural unit represented by the formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein Ring A and Ring B represent each independently a heterocyclic ring, and the heterocyclic ring may have a substituent, Ring C represents an aromatic hydrocarbon ring obtained by condensing two or more benzene rings, the aromatic hydrocarbon ring has at least one of an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, an amino group or a hydroxyl group, and these groups may have a substituent, Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 represent each independently a group represented by the formula (Z-1), a group represented by the formula (Z-2), a group represented by the formula (Z-3), a group represented by the formula (Z-4) or a group represented by the formula (Z-5), ##STR00002##
wherein R represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, an aryl group or a mono-valent heterocyclic group, and these groups may have a substituent, and when there exist a plurality of R, these may be the same or different.

A semiconducting composition comprising a semiconducting polymer and a semiconducting non-polymeric polycyclic compound, wherein the semiconducting polymer comprises units of A and/or B: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, x, y, p, q, r, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.9, R.sub.10 and R.sub.11 have any of the meanings defined in the description.

A method of making a fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene derivatives and photovoltaic polymers containing same using 3-bromothiophene-2-carboxylic acid as a starting material. This synthetic route provides an easier synthesis as well as greater yield and a purer product, which produces superior results over the prior art less pure products. The resulting materials can be used in a variety of photovoltaic applications and devices, especially solar cells.

A polymer compound having an excellent crosslinking ability is provided. The polymer compound has at least one terminal constitutional unit represented by the formula (1) and a constitutional unit represented by the formula (2):

##STR00001##

In the constitutional unit represented by formula (1), mT represents an integer of 0 to 5, nT represents an integer of 1 to 4, cT represents an integer of 0 to 1, Q.sup.T represents a crosslinkable group, K.sup.T represents an alkylene group or the like and Ar.sup.T represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group or the like. In the constitutional unit represented by formula (2), mA represents an integer of 0 to 5, n represents an integer of 1 to 4, Ar.sup.1 represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group or the like, K.sup.A represents an alkylene group or the like and Q.sup.1 represents a crosslinkable group.

The present specification provides a copolymer and an organic solar cell including the same.

An object is to provide an organic semiconductor element having excellent carrier mobility and heat resistance of a semiconductor active layer, an organic semiconductor composition for obtaining this element, an organic semiconductor film, and a method of manufacturing an organic semiconductor element in which the composition is used, and another object is to provide a compound and an oligomer or a polymer that are suitably used in the organic semiconductor element, the organic semiconductor composition, the organic semiconductor film, and the method of manufacturing an organic semiconductor element.

The organic semiconductor element of the present invention includes a compound represented by Formula 1 below in a semiconductor active layer. In Formula 1, X represents a chalcogen atom, p and q each independently represent an integer of 0 to 2, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent a halogen atom or a group represented by Formula W below.

##STR00001##

A crosslinked resin made up of polymerized units of a linear polyamine with at least 3 primary and/or secondary amine functionalities and a bisacrylamide. The crosslinked polymers are porous spherical particles with a BET surface area in the range of 50-120 m.sup.2/g. A method of the synthesizing the crosslinked polymer is specified. A method for using the crosslinked resin as an adsorbent material in removing pollutants including organic dyes (e.g. Congo red, Rhodamine B) and heavy metals from an aqueous solution or an industrial wastewater sample is also described.

Embodiments in accordance with the present invention encompass a variety of polymers derived from polycyclic olefin monomers, such as hydrocarbon functionalized norbomenes. The polymers so formed function as ionomers and are suitable as anion exchange membrane for fabricating a variety of electrochemical devices, among others. More specifically, the ionomeric polymers used herein are derived from a variety of quaternized amino functionalized norbornene monomers and are lightly crosslinked (less than ten mol %). The membranes made therefrom exhibit very high ionic conductivity of up to 198 mS/cm at 80° C. This invention also relates to using an anion conducting solid polymer electrolyte as the ion conducting medium between the two electrodes and the ion conducting medium within the electrodes acting as the ionic conduit between electroactive material and electrolyte. The electrochemical devices made in accordance of this invention are useful as fuel cells, gas separators, and the like.

Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed to conjugated polymers, their manufacture and their implementations. As may be implemented in connection with one or more embodiments, an apparatus includes a conjugated polymer and a side chain or end chain material connected to the conjugated polymer. The amount and makeup of the side chain or end chain enhance solubility of the resulting modified conjugated polymer, relative to the conjugated polymer itself.

The invention provides for polyfluoreno[4,5-cde]oxepine conjugates and their use in methods of analyte detection.