A polybenzodifuran ladder polymer is disclosed.

A polybenzodifuran ladder polymer is disclosed.

A molecule includes at least one moiety represented by: ##STR00001##
where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are independently selected from hydride group and groups different from hydride group, and X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are bridging moieties including a carbon atom or a heteroatom.

A polymer of an embodiment includes a recurring unit containing at least one bivalent group selected from among a formula (1), a formula (2), a formula (3), and a formula (4). ##STR00001##
Z1 indicates carbon having an R1 group, nitrogen, or the like. Z2 indicates oxygen, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen having an R2 group, or the like. The R1 and R2 groups indicate hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, or the like, X indicates oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or the like.

Provided herein are depolymerizable thermally activated delayed fluorescence polymers with exceptional light-emitting properties and programmable depolymerization under specific stressors.

A method, includes: reacting at least one donor group with at least one protected acceptor group to form a plurality of protecting group-containing OSC polymers; removing the protecting group from the plurality of protecting group-containing OSC polymers to form H-bonding sites; and fusing the H-bonding sites of a first OSC polymer backbone with H-bonding sites of a second OSC polymer backbone to form - interactions between conjugated OSC polymers.

Methods of metal-catalysed polymerisation are described using a metal catalyst of formula (III):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.3 in each occurrence is independently selected from C.sub.1-10 alkyl and aryl that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; y is 0 or 2; and Z.sup.is an anion. Methods described include Buchwald-type and Suzuki-type polymerisation.

A polymer of an embodiment includes a repeating unit containing a bivalent group represented by the following formula (1). ##STR00001##
R is hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group, an alkanoyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, or the like. X is oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or the like. Y and Z each is a bivalent group selected from a carbonyl group, a sulfinyl group, and a sulfonyl group. However, a case where Y and Z are both the carbonyl groups is excluded.

Methods of metal-catalyzed polymerization are described using a metal catalyst of formula (III): wherein R.sup.3 in each occurrence is independently selected from C.sub.1-10alkyl and aryl that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; y is 0 or 2; and Z.sup. is an anion. Methods described include Buchwald-type and Suzuki-type polymerization.

In a method of forming a polyaryl polymer, a fluorosulfonate-containing monomer is coupled with itself or a boron-containing comonomer in the presence of a catalyst and a base. The resulting polymers can be used as precursors to electrically conducting polymers, and as components of resist or underlayer compositions for photolithography, among other applications.