The disclosure relates to compositions comprising a first structure of the formula:

##STR00001##

or a salt thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, Ar.sup.1, and n are defined herein. Materials, devices, and methods of using such compositions are also described.

The invention provides a material having a structure including three or more anthracene structures per molecule as a photosensitive unit. That structure allows the material to remain in a liquid state at room temperature due to its reduced crystallinity. After coated on an application member in a liquid state, it is irradiated with light from outside so that it can be cured by way of photocrosslinking, and when heated, it returns back to the original state as the linkage is cleaved. By use of this material it is possible to form a reversibly detachable layer that serves as an adhesive layer at an interface to an application member and a coating layer at the surface of the application member.

A copolymer containing carbazole- and cyanovinylene-based moieties, a photoelectrode comprising a metal oxide substrate and the copolymer as a photoelectrocatalyst component to the photoelectrode, as well as a photoelectrochemical cell including the photoelectrode. Methods of producing the copolymers, and methods of using the photoelectrochemical cell to produce hydrogen gas and oxygen gas through water splitting are also provided.

Polybenzoxazine comprises repeat units which comprise at least one unit corresponding to the formulae (I) or (II):

##STR00001##

in which Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2, which are identical or different, represent an at least divalent, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic bonding group comprising at least one carbon atom and optionally at least one heteroatom selected from O, S, N and P. Such a polybenzoxazine may be used as a metal-adhesive layer, in particular for the adhesive bonding of a metal substrate, in particular made of carbon steel, to a rubber.

A composition for resist underlayer film formation contains a compound having a group represented by formula (1), and a solvent. R.sup.1 represents an organic group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and having a valency of (m+n), wherein the carbon atoms include two carbon atoms that are adjacent to each other, with a hydroxy group or an alkoxy group bonding to one of the two carbon atoms, and with a hydrogen atom bonding to another of the two carbon atoms; L.sup.1 represents an ethynediyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted ethenediyl group; R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; n is an integer of 1 to 3; * denotes a bonding site to a moiety other than the group represented by the formula (1) in the compound; and m is an integer of 1 to 3.

##STR00001##

A capped polyindane oligomer of formula (1): (1) wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-12 hydrocarbyl provided that the hydrocarbyl group is not tertiary hydrocarbyl, C.sub.1-12 hydrocarbylthio, C.sub.1-12 hydrocarbyloxy, or C.sub.2-12 halohydrocarbyloxy wherein at least two carbon atoms separate the halogen and oxygen atoms; and R.sup.x and R.sup.y are as provided herein.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure is directed to methods of making a polymer, including exposing a reaction mixture including a strained cyclic unsaturated monomer and an organic initiator to a stimulus to provide an activated organic initiator, whereby the activated organic initiator is effective to polymerize the strained cyclic unsaturated monomer via a 4-membered carbocyclic intermediate to provide a polymer having constitutional units derived from the strained cyclic unsaturated monomer.

The present disclosure is directed to methods of making a polymer, including exposing a reaction mixture including a strained cyclic unsaturated monomer and an organic initiator to a stimulus to provide an activated organic initiator, whereby the activated organic initiator is effective to polymerize the strained cyclic unsaturated monomer via a 4-membered carbocyclic intermediate to provide a polymer having constitutional units derived from the strained cyclic unsaturated monomer.

An additive elastomeric manufactured part is comprised of extrudates comprised of a reaction product of a multifunctional Michael donor and multifunctional Michael acceptor and a rheological modifier. The additive elastomeric manufactured part may have a high elongation and resistance to heat. Said part may be made by dispensing a mixture of the multifunctional Michael donor, multifunctional Michael acceptor, rheological modifier and a catalyst through a through a nozzle to form an extrudate deposited on a base. The base, nozzle or combination thereof is moved while dispensing the mixture so that there is horizontal displacement between the base and nozzle in a predetermined pattern to form an initial layer of the material on the base. Subsequent layers are then formed on the initial layer by repeating the dispensing and movement on top of the initial layer and layers that follow.

A method for making joints in an electrical cable is disclosed. A first cable having polymeric insulation and a first bare conductor end and a second cable having polymeric insulation and a second bare conductor end are provided and joined create a conductor joint. A curable reaction mixture is applied over the conductor joint and cured to form a polymeric insulating sheath over the conductor joint and bonded to the polymeric insulation of each of the first and second cables. The reaction mixture includes a carbon-Michael acceptor compound, a carbon-Michael donor compound and a carbon-Michael reaction catalyst.