Dithienylpyrrole compounds, compositions containing dithienylpyrrole polymers, and methods for making the compounds and compositions are disclosed herein. The compositions containing dithienylpyrrole polymers, can for example, be used as conducting polymers in biosensors for detecting analytes in a sample.

Disclosed is a biosensor. The biosensor comprises: an electrode; and a polymer structure disposed on the electrode and formed of poly-5,2:5,2-terthiophene-3-carboxylic acid (pTTCA), wherein an enzyme is present in a state of covalently binding with pTTCA inside the polymer structure.

Disclosed herein is a facile process for the formation of conjugated polymers inside or outside assembled solid-state devices. One process generally involves applying a voltage to a device comprising at least two electrodes, a combination of an electrolyte composition and a electroactive monomer disposed between the electrodes, and a potential source in electrical connection with the at least two electrodes; wherein the applying voltage polymerizes the electroactive monomer into a conjugated polymer. Also disclosed are electrochromic articles prepared from the process and solid-state devices comprising a composite of an electrolyte composition and a conjugated polymer.

A conductive polymer composite includes (A) a -conjugated polymer and (B) a dopant polymer which contains a repeating unit a which is shown by the following general formula (1) having weight-average molecular weight thereof in the range of 1,000 to 500,000, ##STR00001##
wherein, R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R.sup.2 represents a single bond, an ester group, or a linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may optionally contain any one of an ether group and an ester group or both; Z represents a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, or an ester group; and a is in the range of 0<a1.0. There can be provided a conductive polymer composite which has excellent filterability and film-formability by spin coating, and also can form a conductive film having high transparency and excellent flatness when the film is formed with the composite.

The functionalized 3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene (ADOT+) monomers can be represented by a chemical formula (CR.sup.1R.sup.2)(CR.sup.3R.sup.4)(CR.sup.4R.sup.5).sub.xO.sub.2C.sub.4H.sub.2S, wherein x=0 or 1; wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 is independently selected from hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl moiety, and a heteroatom-containing functional group; and wherein at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 comprises the heteroatom-containing functional group selected from an aldehyde, a maleimide, and their derivatives thereof. Also, disclosed herein are aldehyde derivatives represented by (ADOT-CH.sub.2NH).sub.pY and a maleimide derivative represented by (ADOT-(CH.sub.2).sub.qN).sub.pZ where p=1-2 and each of Y and Z is a hydrocarbyl moiety or a biofunctional hydrocarbyl moiety. In an embodiment of the ADOT+ monomers, one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 is replaced by a direct bond to an amide group, an azide group, or an ester group of a biofunctional hydrocarbyl moiety. Also, disclosed herein are polymers and copolymers made therefrom.

The present invention relates generally to substrates for making polymers and methods for making polymers. The present invention also relates generally to polymers and devices comprising the same.

Embodiments of the presently disclosed technology provide a synergistic combination of a conjugated open-shell donor-acceptor polymer with a carbon-based compound (e.g., reduced graphene oxide) to produce a composite electrode material which demonstrates state-of-the-art capacitance and potential window, with excellent kinetics and cycle life. The conjugated open-shell donor-acceptor polymer may comprise a plurality of alternating electron-rich monomers (i.e., donors) and electron-deficient monomers (i.e., acceptors) bonded together via a conjugated backbone. The conjugated backbone may comprise a connection of -orbitals of the plurality of monomers in alternating single and double bonds that facilitates unpaired electron delocalizationthereby stabilizing charge for the polymer. The carbon-based compound of the composite electrode material may provide porous, conductive scaffolds for the composite electrode material, resulting in electrodes scalable to microns-thick films with fast kinetics.