A hardmask composition includes a polymer including a moiety represented by the following Chemical Formula 1 and a solvent. ##STR00001## In the Chemical Formula 1, A, B, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same as defined in the detailed description.

The present invention relates to nanoparticle compositions and, in particular, to composite polymeric nanoparticle compositions. A composite nanoparticle described herein comprises a photoluminescent polymeric component and a photo-thermal polymeric component. The photoluminescent polymeric component and the photo-thermal polymeric component can each comprise a single polymeric species or multiple polymeric species.

Provided are graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), methods of making GNRs, and uses of the GNRs. The methods can provide control over GNR parameters such as, for example, length, width, and edge composition (e.g., edge functional groups). The methods are based on a metal catalyzed cycloaddition reaction at the carbon-carbon triple bonds of a poly(phenylene ethynylene) polymer. The GNRs can be used in devices such a microelectronic devices.

The present disclosure provide a nitrogen-containing compound, which includes a segment I with a formula of

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wherein a represents number of methylene groups, a is a positive integer, Ar.sub.1 is an aryl structural unit, and R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from H, a hydrocarbyl group, or a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are connected and form a poly-membered ring together with a N atom to which they are connected.

An anion exchange membrane is made by mixing 2 trifluoroMethyl Ketone [nominal] (1.12 g, 4.53 mmol), 1 BiPhenyl (0.70 g, 4.53 mmol), methylene chloride (3.0 mL), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFSA) (3.0 mL) to produce a pre-polymer. The pre-polymer is then functionalized to produce an anion exchange polymer. The pre-polymer may be functionalized with trimethylamine in solution with water. The pre-polymer may be imbibed into a porous scaffold material, such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene to produce a composite anion exchange membrane.

Described herein are associative polymers capable of controlling a physical and/or chemical property of non-polar compositions and related compositions, methods and systems. Associative polymers herein described have a non-polar backbone and functional groups presented at ends of the non-polar backbone, with a number of the functional groups presented at the ends of the non-polar backbone formed by associative functional groups capable of undergoing an associative interaction with another associative functional group with an association constant (k) such that the strength of each associative interaction is less than the strength of a covalent bond between atoms and in particular less than the strength of a covalent bond between backbone atoms.

An electrochemical compressor utilizes an anion conducting layer disposed between an anode and a cathode for transporting a working fluid. The working fluid may include carbon dioxide that is dissolved in water and is partially converted to carbonic acid that is equilibrium with bicarbonate anion. An electrical potential across the anode and cathode creates a pH gradient that drives the bicarbonate anion across the anion conducting layer to the cathode, wherein it is reformed into carbon dioxide. Therefore, carbon dioxide is pumped across the anion conducting layer. The compressor may be part of a refrigeration system that pumps the working fluid in a closed loop through a condenser and an evaporator.

Polypyrrole polymers functionalized with thioanions and methods for their use in metal capture applications are provided. Also provided are methods for making the polypyrroles using anion exchange techniques. The thioanion-functionalized polypyrroles have a conjugated, positively charged backbone of pyrrole units that is charge-balanced with associated thioanions.

An example of a bottlebrush polymer has a polymer backbone and a plurality of individual brush moieties bonded to the polymer backbone. The individual brush moieties respectively include a crosslinked oxyamine moiety, a hydrophilic segment, and a surface adhesive terminal group.

A method for manufacturing a semiconductor substrate, includes applying a composition for forming a resist underlayer film directly or indirectly to a substrate to form a resist underlayer film. The composition for forming a resist underlayer film includes: a polymer including a repeating unit represented by formula (1); and a solvent. Ar.sup.1 is a divalent group having an aromatic ring structure having 5 to 40 ring atoms, Z is a divalent group having an alicyclic structure having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, and at least one of Ar.sup.1 or Z comprises at least one group selected from the group consisting of a group represented by formula (2-1) and a group represented by formula (2-2). R.sup.7 is each independently a divalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a single bond, and * is a bond with another structure in the polymer.

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