Ion exchange membranes materials according to the present disclosure exhibit improved conductivity at low and intermediate relative humidity without sacrificing mechanical strength. Polymers are provided that include a backbone with one or more aryl groups, a halocarbyl group, and a halocarbyl side chain attached to the backbone, wherein the halocarbyl side chain includes a halide separated from the backbone by a hydrocarbyl chain, a hydrocarbyl ring, or combinations thereof. The halide is substituted with a tertiary amine and halide anions are then exchanged with hydroxide anions. The polymers are then contacted with phosphoric acid, which is deprotonated by the hydroxide ions, forming anions which enhance interactions with adjacent quaternary ammonium groups and induce excess phosphoric acid molecules to cluster around those quaternary ammonium groups. The membranes exhibit negligible dopant leaching even at high relative humidity.

A composition for foam has at least one elastomer component selected from the group including of elastomeric polymers (A) each of which has a side chain containing a hydrogen-bond cross-linkable moiety having a carbonyl-containing group and/or a nitrogen-containing heterocycle and has a glass-transition point of 25 C. or below, and elastomeric polymers (B) each of which contains a hydrogen-bond cross-linkable moiety and a covalent-bond cross-linking moiety in a side chain and has a glass-transition point of 25 C. or below; an organically modified clay; and a foaming agent, in which an amount of the organically modified clay contained is 20 parts by mass or less relative to 100 parts by mass of the elastomer component.

A method of creating a hydrogel, comprising the step of condensing first and second functional groups, wherein the first group comprises a molecule or macromolecule of interest containing two or more hydroxylamine or aminooxy groups and the second group comprises a molecule or macromolecule of interest containing two or more aldehyde/ketone/other reactive oxo groups, under conditions such that a hydrogel forms.

The invention relates to a method for producing monomers and/or oligomers from a polymer that includes a structural unit having a nitrogen-carbonyl carbon bond. The nitrogen-carbonyl carbon bond is broken in a chemical reaction with formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde as the activating reagent. The reaction takes place using a Lewis acid acting as a catalyst. The invention also relates to monomers, in particular a carboxylic acid monomer and an aldimine monomer or an amine monomer, obtained or produced from this method.

In some aspects, the present disclosure pertains to a radiopaque, reactive polymer comprising one or more hydrophilic polymer segments having a plurality of hydrophilic polymer segment ends, a plurality of iodinated cyclic anhydride residues covalently linked to the plurality of hydrophilic polymer segment ends, and a plurality of reactive moieties covalently linked to the iodinated cyclic anhydride residues. In some aspects, the present disclosure pertains to a system for forming a hydrogel composition that comprises (a) a nucleophilic compound and (b) such a radiopaque, reactive polymer. In some aspects, the present disclosure pertains to a method of treatment comprising administering to a subject a mixture that comprises (a) a nucleophilic compound and (b) such a radiopaque, reactive polymer under conditions such that the nucleophilic compound and the radiopaque, reactive polymer crosslink after administration.

A blowing agent for thermosetting foams is disclosed. The blowing agent is a hydrofluoroolefin (HCFO), preferably HFCO-1234yf in combination with a hydrochlorofluoroolefin (HCFO) preferably one selected from HCFO-1233zd, HCFO-1223, HCFO-1233xf and mixtures thereof. The blowing agent is effective as a blowing agent in the manufacture of thermosetting foams.

[Problem] To provide a gel which can be produced in a short time, has controlled properties such as modulus and expansion pressure, and has a low polymer concentration.

[Solution] A process for producing a polymer gel in which gel-precursor clusters have been crosslinked with one another to form a three-dimensional network structure, characterized by comprising a) a step in which monomer or polymer units that are present in a concentration less than a critical gelation concentration are crosslinked to form the gel-precursor clusters, the gel-precursor clusters having a storage modulus G and a loss modulus G which satisfy the relationship G<G, and b) a step in which the gel-precursor clusters are crosslinked with one another by a crosslinking agent to obtain a gel having a three-dimensional network structure.

In some aspects, the present disclosure pertains to a method of forming radiopaque crosslinked hydrogel particles comprising (a) mixing a reactive multi-arm polymer comprising a plurality of cyclic imide ester groups, a reactive multifunctional compound comprising a plurality of amino groups, and a radiocontrast agent under conditions in which a pH environment surrounding the reactive multi-arm polymer, the reactive multifunctional compound and the radiocontrast agent increases from an acidic pH to a basic pH, thereby forming a radiopaque hydrogel and (b) subjecting the hydrogel to a particle size reduction process, thereby forming the radiopaque crosslinked hydrogel particles. Other aspects of the present disclosure pertain to radiopaque crosslinked hydrogel particles formed from such methods, suspensions of such radiopaque crosslinked hydrogel particles, and medical supplies that contain such radiopaque crosslinked hydrogel particles.

Provided herein are various examples of a method of coupling oligonucleotides to a polymer. The method may include selectively irradiating first inactive moieties in a one or more first region of a polymer with light, while not irradiating second inactive moieties in a one or more second region of the polymer, to generate first active moieties in the one or more first region of the polymer. The method may also include coupling the first active moieties to first oligonucleotides. The method may further include irradiating the second inactive moieties in the one or more second region of the polymer with light to generate second active moieties in the one or more second region of the polymer. The method may also include coupling the second active moieties to second oligonucleotides.

The present invention is generally directed to beads, methods of making said beads, and methods of functionalizing said beads with one or more functional groups to form functionalized beads, such as universal functionalized beads, wherein the functional group can be a chemical group. In some embodiments, the beads can be gel beads.