An ion exchange membrane has multiple layers of ionic polymers which each contain substantially different chemical compositions. i.e. varying side chain lengths, varying backbone chemistries or varying ionic functionality. Utilizing completely different chemistries has utility in many applications such as fuel cells where for example, one layer can help reduce fuel crossover through the membrane. Or one layer can impart substantial hydrophobicity to the electrode formulation. Or one layer can selectively diffuse a reactant while excluding others. Also, one chemistry may allow for impartation of significant mechanical properties or chemical resistance to another more ionically conductive ionomer. The ion exchange membrane may include at least two layers with substantially different chemical properties.

The present invention relates to a fluororesin including a residue unit represented by a following general formula (1) and having a haze value equal to or less than 2% of a heat-press molded product (thickness 1 mm) with a small haze value of a melt-molded product and a method for producing the same.

##STR00001##

In the formula (1), Rf.sub.1, Rf.sub.2, Rf.sub.3 and Rf.sub.4 each independently represent one of the groups consisting of a fluorine atom, a linear perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, a branched perfluoroalkyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, and a cyclic perfluoroalkyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, the perfluoroalkyl group may have an ethereal oxygen atom, Rf.sub.1, Rf.sub.2, Rf.sub.3 and Rf.sub.4 may be linked to each other to form a ring having 4 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms, and the ring may include an ethereal oxygen atom. The present invention further relates to a method for producing fluororesin particles that each include a fluorine-containing aliphatic ring structure. The method comprises a precipitation step of lowering a solution temperature of a fluororesin (A) solution in which a fluororesin (A) including a fluorine-containing aliphatic ring structure is dissolved in a solvent (B), to precipitate particles of the fluororesin (A). The method is excelling in productivity and making it possible to remove foreign matter.

An object of the present disclosure is to provide a method for producing an organic compound, and a composition. The object is achieved by a method for producing a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein X represents —O—, an optionally substituted imino group, or —S—, R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group optionally having at least one substituent, and R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, together with X and one carbon atom respectively adjacent to R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, may form a heterocyclic ring optionally having at least one substituent, R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group, and R.sup.4 represents —CF.sub.2CH.sub.3 or —CH.sub.2CHF.sub.2; the method including step A of reacting a compound represented by formula (2):

##STR00002##

wherein the alphabetical symbols are as defined above, with vinylidene fluoride under light irradiation.

A film including a surface layer is described. In particular, the surface layer includes a low gloss layer including a binder containing a resin and resin beads having an average particle size of 4 μm to 20 μm, and a printed pattern partially covering the low gloss layer, a region of the low gloss layer not covered with the printed pattern exhibits a matte appearance with 1.5 GU or less at 60 degrees of a surface glossiness, a surface glossiness of a region of the printed pattern is higher than the surface glossiness of the region not covered with the printed pattern, and the film has a visible texture.

Disclosed herein are elastomer compounds comprising: at least one elastomer that is resistant to heat for 70 h at 100° C. such that the at least one elastomer exhibits at least one of the following properties selected from: (a) a change in durometer hardness of no more than 15 points, (b) a change in tensile strength of no more than 40%, and (c) a change in ultimate elongation of no more than 40% The elastomer compound further comprises at least one graphene-based material present in an amount ranging from 0.01 phr to 30 phr relative to the at least one elastomer and at least one carbon black present in an amount ranging from 15 phr to 150 phr relative to the at least one elastomer. Also disclosed are methods of making such compounds, and articles comprising elastomer compounds.

The invention pertains to a thermoplastic fluoropolymer composition comprising one or more polymer A comprising recurring units derived from ethylene and recurring units derived from halogenated monomers selected from chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) and tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and one or more polymer B comprising recurring units derived from ethylene, recurring units derived from halogenated monomers selected from CTFE and TFE, and recurring units derived from hexafluoroisobutylene (HFIB) and/or perfluoropropylvinylether (PPVE). The resulting composition allows to manufacture films having exceptional transparency and good mechanical properties which can be used for examples as architectural films.

The invention pertains to a multilayer assembly comprising: (L1) a first inner layer [layer (L1)] made from a first composition [composition (C1)], said composition (C1) comprising: at least one polymer comprising recurring units derived from ethylene (E) and from chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), and at least one Ti compound; and (L2) a second outer layer [layer (L2)] made from a second composition [composition (C2)], said composition (C2) being substantially free from TiO.sub.2-containing additives, said second composition comprising at least one semi-crystalline polymer comprising recurring units derived from ethylene and from at least one fluoromonomer selected from chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and mixtures thereof, said semi-crystalline polymer having a heat of fusion of at least 35 J/g [polymer (A)].

A treatment method and system using high-frequency ultrasound for treating a waste stream containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) is disclosed. The system has one or more reactors including one or more transducers configured to operating at one or more frequencies to destroy or mineralize the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the waste stream using sonolysis.

A molded article of a carbon fiber composite material includes at least carbon fibers and a resin composition. The molded article of a carbon fiber composite material is characterized in that the surface roughness Ra thereof is 0.01-2 μm and in that the tensile shear adhesive strength (F0) thereof when a metal has been adhered to the surface thereof via an adhesive layer that contains an epoxy compound and is 0.1-3 mm thick is 10-40 MPa.

A resin multilayer substrate that includes a substrate having a plurality of laminated resin layers containing a norbornene-based polymer. A resin layer has an altered portion altered by a surface treatment and formed at an interface with a resin layer adjacent thereto in a lamination direction. An adhesion at an interface having the altered portion is greater than an adhesion at an interface with a non-altered portion.