The present invention provides a laminate that can maintain sufficient strength even after combustion and that can reduce a strength decrease due to flame and heat caused by ignition inside a battery especially when the laminate is used as a cover for an in-vehicle battery. Provided is a laminate including: a base layer containing a resin and a fiber; and a sintering layer containing a thermoplastic resin and a sintering promoter.

An ion exchange membrane includes a layer S including a fluorine-containing polymer having a sulfonic acid group, a layer C including a fluorine-containing polymer having a carboxylic acid group, and a plurality of strengthening materials arranged inside the layer S and functioning as at least one of reinforcement yarn and sacrifice yarn. A and B satisfy following formulas:

B240 m(1)

2.0B/A5.0(2) wherein, when the ion exchange membrane is viewed from the top surface, A represents an average cross-sectional thickness of the membrane measured in pure water for a region, in which the strengthening materials do not exist, and B represents an average cross-sectional thickness of the membrane measured in pure water for a region, in which strands of the reinforcement yarn overlap with each other, and in a region, in which the reinforcement yarn overlaps with the sacrifice yarn.

The invention relates to stabilized chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) polymer formulations, and the stabilizers used therein. The stabilization is achieved through the use of a sulfide containing organotin species in conjunction with co-stabilizers and organic extenders which provide increased thermal stability relative to traditional organotin stabilizers.

The present invention relates to crosslinkable compositions comprising vinylidene fluoride (VDF)/trifluoroethylene (TrFE) polymers and a fluorine-containing crosslinking agent of formula (A) [agent (Cz)]: {N.sub.3[S(O).sub.g1].sub.s1}.sub.na(R.sub.H).sub.nhR.sub.f(R.sub.H).sub.nh{[S(O).sub.g2].sub.s2N.sub.3}.sub.na, formula (A) wherein each of g1 and g2, equal to or different from each other, is 1 or 2, each of s1 and s2, equal to or different from each other, is 0 or 1, each of na and na is independently zero or an integer of 1 to 3, provided that the sum na+na is at least 2, each of R.sub.H and R.sub.H, equal to or different from each other, is a C.sub.1-C.sub.12 hydrocarbon group free of fluorine atoms, nh and nh, equal or different from each other are independently 0 or 1, and R.sub.f is selected from the group consisting of i) a C.sub.3-C.sub.20 fluorocarbon group, possibly comprising one or more ethereal oxygen atoms, ii) an oligomer comprising copolymerized units of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene, to a process for the manufacture of said compositions, to a method for curing the same, and to the use of said copolymers in electrical and electronic devices.

To provide a method capable of efficiently producing an ion exchange membrane for alkali chloride electrolysis which has high current efficiency, little variation in current efficiency and high alkaline resistance. This is a method for producing an ion exchange membrane 1 having a layer (C) 12 containing a fluorinated polymer (A) having carboxylic acid type functional groups, by immersing an ion exchange membrane precursor film having a precursor layer (C) containing a fluorinated polymer (A) having groups convertible to carboxylic acid type functional groups, in an aqueous alkaline solution comprising an alkali metal hydroxide, a water-soluble organic solvent and water, wherein the proportion of structural units having carboxylic acid type functional groups in the fluorinated polymer (A) is from 13.0 to 14.50 mol %; in the layer (C) 12, the value of resistivity is from 4.010.sup.3 to 25.010.sup.3 .Math.cm, and the variation in resistivity is at most 4.010.sup.3 .Math.cm, and the concentration of the water-soluble organic solvent is from 1 to 60 mass % in the alkaline aqueous solution.

A method for producing chlorinated polyvinyl chloride includes placing polyvinyl chloride in a powder form in a reactor; introducing chlorine gas into the reactor, wherein the chlorine gas is brought into contact with polyvinyl chloride; irradiating the polyvinyl chloride with UV light The UV light has a wavelength ranging from 280 to 420 nm and an irradiation intensity in a range of 0.0005 to 7.0 W per kg of the polyvinyl chloride.

Methods of forming polymer layers on polymer surfaces using surface initiated atom-transfer radical-polymerization (ATRP) are described. The method can include functionalization steps prior to performing surface initiated ATRP, such as hydroxylation steps and/or halogenation steps. The hydroxylation step can be carried out in a solution including potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, or lithium hydroxide. The halogenation step can also be carried out in a solution. The methods described herein can be performed on bundles of hollow polymer fibers, including bundles of hollow polymer fibers mounted in a module.

To provide a process for producing a liquid composition capable of forming a polymer electrolyte membrane of which breakage at the time of drying is suppressed; a process for producing a catalyst layer-forming coating liquid capable of forming a catalyst layer of which breakage at the time of drying is suppressed; and a method for producing a membrane/electrode assembly by which a catalyst layer or a polymer electrolyte membrane of which breakage at the time of drying is suppressed, can be formed.

A process for producing a liquid composition, which comprises holding a fluorinated polymer having SO.sub.2F groups at from 110 to 130 C. for at least 45 minutes; cooling the fluorinated polymer having SO.sub.2F groups held at from 110 to 130 C. to less than 110 C.; converting the SO.sub.2F groups in the fluorinated polymer having SO.sub.2F groups cooled to less than 110 C. to ion exchange groups thereby to obtain a fluorinated polymer having ion exchange groups; and mixing the fluorinated polymer having ion exchange groups and a liquid medium.

To provide a production method whereby an ion exchange membrane for alkali chloride electrolysis can be obtained which has high current efficiency, little variation in current efficiency and high alkaline resistance. This is a method for producing an ion exchange membrane 1 having a layer (C) 12 containing a fluorinated polymer (A) having carboxylic acid type functional groups, by immersing an ion exchange membrane precursor film having a precursor layer (C) containing a fluorinated polymer (A) having groups convertible to carboxylic acid type functional groups, in an aqueous alkaline solution comprising an alkali metal hydroxide, a water-soluble organic solvent and water, and converting the groups convertible to carboxylic acid type functional groups to carboxylic acid functional groups, wherein the concentration of the water-soluble organic solvent is from 1 to 60 mass % in the aqueous alkaline solution (100 mass %); the temperature of the aqueous alkaline solution is at least 40 C. and less than 80 C.; and the proportion of structural units having carboxylic acid type functional groups in the fluorinated polymer (A) is from 13.0 to 14.50 mol % in all structural units (100 mol %) in the fluorinated polymer (A).

To provide a process for producing a liquid composition in which formation of a fluorinated polymer having ion exchange groups with a relatively large particle size is suppressed; a process for producing a catalyst layer-forming coating liquid capable of forming a catalyst layer in which inclusion of foreign matters is suppressed; and a method for producing a membrane/electrode assembly by which a catalyst layer or a polymer electrolyte membrane in which inclusion of foreign matters is suppressed, can be formed.

A process for producing a liquid composition, which comprises holding a fluorinated polymer having SO.sub.2F groups at from 140 to 160 C. for at least 45 minutes; cooling the fluorinated polymer having SO.sub.2F groups held at from 140 to 160 C. to less than 110 C. at a rate of at least 50 C./min; converting the SO.sub.2F groups in the fluorinated polymer having SO.sub.2F groups cooled to less than 110 C. to ion exchange groups to obtain a fluorinated polymer having ion exchange groups; and mixing the fluorinated polymer having ion exchange groups and a liquid medium.