The present invention relates to protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors of the general formula (I)

##STR00001##

where the variables are defined herein. The invention features processes and intermediates for preparing the benzoxazinones of formula (I), compositions comprising them, and their use as herbicides – i.e. for controlling harmful plants. The invention also features methods for controlling unwanted vegetation comprising allowing an herbicidal effective amount of at least one benzoxazinone of formula (I) to act on plants, their seed, and/or their habitat.

Provided are a water-soluble naphthoquinone derivative composition and a method for preparing the same, a water-soluble composition for controlling harmful algae, a method of controlling large-scale harmful algae, and an automated system for artificial intelligence monitoring, removal, and prevention of large-scale harmful algae. According to one embodiment, a method of preparing a water-soluble naphthoquinone derivative composition includes reacting a 1,4-naphthoquinone compound with N,N-diethylethylenediamine to obtain an intermediate product of [Chemical Formula 2]; and reacting an intermediate product of [Chemical Formula 2] with hydrochloric acid to obtain a compound of [Chemical Formula 1]. In addition, the water-soluble naphthoquinone derivative composition represented by the following [Chemical Formula 1] is proposed. In addition, a water-soluble composition is proposed for controlling harmful algae, a method for controlling large-scale harmful algae using the water-soluble composition for controlling harmful algae, and an automated system for artificial intelligence monitoring, removal, and prevention of large-scale harmful algae.

Provided are a water-soluble naphthoquinone derivative composition and a method for preparing the same, a water-soluble composition for controlling harmful algae, a method of controlling large-scale harmful algae, and an automated system for artificial intelligence monitoring, removal, and prevention of large-scale harmful algae. According to one embodiment, a method of preparing a water-soluble naphthoquinone derivative composition includes reacting a 1,4-naphthoquinone compound with N,N-diethylethylenediamine to obtain an intermediate product of [Chemical Formula 2]; and reacting an intermediate product of [Chemical Formula 2] with hydrochloric acid to obtain a compound of [Chemical Formula 1]. In addition, the water-soluble naphthoquinone derivative composition represented by the following [Chemical Formula 1] is proposed. In addition, a water-soluble composition is proposed for controlling harmful algae, a method for controlling large-scale harmful algae using the water-soluble composition for controlling harmful algae, and an automated system for artificial intelligence monitoring, removal, and prevention of large-scale harmful algae.

The invention relates to use of a herbicide combination at a locus for growing a cereal crop in order to selectively control a weed at that locus. The invention also relates to methods for selectively controlling the growth of a weed at a locus for growing a cereal crop by using a herbicide combination. The invention further relates to a locus for growing a cereal crop to which a selective herbicide combination has been applied. The herbicide combination used in the invention comprises napropamide.

The subject invention provides a method of controlling undesired vegetation in the vicinity of an ACCase tolerant sorghum crop comprising applying a) an effective amount of an ACCase inhibiting herbicide; and b) an effective amount of isoxadifen, esters, or salts thereof to a locus of the undesired vegetation so as to effectively control the undesired vegetation.

The subject invention provides a method of controlling undesired vegetation in the vicinity of an ACCase tolerant sorghum crop comprising applying a) an effective amount of an ACCase inhibiting herbicide; and b) an effective amount of isoxadifen, esters, or salts thereof to a locus of the undesired vegetation so as to effectively control the undesired vegetation.

The present invention uses compound 3-OH-β-apo-13-carotenone (zaxinone) as a negative regulator of the plant hormone strigolactones (SLs). The compound 3-OH-β-apo-13-carotenone is a positive growth regulator which triggers the formation of crown roots and promotes growth in size and number of roots and shoots. Disclosed herein is a method of using 3-OH-β-apo-13-carotenone as a growth-promoting compound for cereal, grain and vegetable crops. The 3-OH-β-apo-13-carotenone compounds is also a negative regulator of strigolactone biosynthesis and release. Disclosed herein is a method of combating root parasitic weeds affecting cereal, grain and vegetable crops. Application of 3-OH-β-apo-13-carotenone to plant growth media down-regulates strigolactone production in cereal, grain and vegetable crops preventing root parasitic weed infestation of the crops by inhibiting germination of parasitic weed seeds.

The present invention uses compound 3-OH-β-apo-13-carotenone (zaxinone) as a negative regulator of the plant hormone strigolactones (SLs). The compound 3-OH-β-apo-13-carotenone is a positive growth regulator which triggers the formation of crown roots and promotes growth in size and number of roots and shoots. Disclosed herein is a method of using 3-OH-β-apo-13-carotenone as a growth-promoting compound for cereal, grain and vegetable crops. The 3-OH-β-apo-13-carotenone compounds is also a negative regulator of strigolactone biosynthesis and release. Disclosed herein is a method of combating root parasitic weeds affecting cereal, grain and vegetable crops. Application of 3-OH-β-apo-13-carotenone to plant growth media down-regulates strigolactone production in cereal, grain and vegetable crops preventing root parasitic weed infestation of the crops by inhibiting germination of parasitic weed seeds.

A herbicidal composition containing (a) a compound of formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein X represents CH or N, hal represents F, Cl or Br, R is methyl or ethyl, and R′ is H, methyl or ethyl, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, (b) a second herbicide comprising at least one phenoxy herbicide, or an agriculturally acceptable salts, esters, and amides thereof; and/or (c) a third herbicide comprising at least one protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, or an agriculturally acceptable salts, esters, and amides thereof, provides control of undesirable vegetation e.g., in direct-seeded rice, water-seeded rice, transplanted rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn or maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, vegetables, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, aquatics, plantation crops, vegetables, industrial vegetation management (IVM) and rights of way (ROW).

This disclosure relates to methods of regulating growth in a plant. Specifically, the methods of the disclosure regulate growth of the plant by administration of a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more apocarotenoids to the plant, its part, or the seed.