An electrochromic compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (1): where each of X.sub.1 to X.sub.3 independently represents a carbon atom or a silicon atom, and each of R.sub.1 to R.sub.15 independently represents a member selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a monovalent organic group, and a polymerizable functional group. ##STR00001##

Ligands with fused spirocyclic substitutions and metal complexes formed with such ligands and having improved performance in OLED applications are disclosed.

Ligands with fused spirocyclic substitutions and metal complexes formed with such ligands and having improved performance in OLED applications are disclosed.

Hydrophilic, high quantum yield, chemiluminescent acridinium compounds with increased light output, improved stability, fast light emission and decreased non specific binding are disclosed. The chemiluminescent acridinium esters possess hydrophilic, branched, electron-donating functional groups at the C2 and/or C7 positions of the acridinium nucleus.

Hydrophilic, high quantum yield, chemiluminescent acridinium compounds with increased light output, improved stability, fast light emission and decreased non specific binding are disclosed. The chemiluminescent acridinium esters possess hydrophilic, branched, electron-donating functional groups at the C2 and/or C7 positions of the acridinium nucleus.

Disclosed is a compound represented by formula [I] according to the specification, or a salt thereof, a composition comprising the compound, a chemiluminescence method using the compound, a method for measuring chemiluminescence signal, a reagent comprising the compound, a reagent kit comprising the compound and a method for assaying analyte.

A method of inhibiting carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) hydrate formation in a CO.sub.2 pipeline is described. The method includes injecting a composition including monoethylene glycol carbon quantum dots (MEG CQDs) into the CO.sub.2 pipeline to deposit the MEG CQDs on an inside surface of the CO.sub.2 pipeline. The method further includes pressurizing the CO.sub.2 pipeline with a gas stream containing CO.sub.2 and water vapor at a pressure of 200-2,000 pounds per square inch (psi). The MEG CQDs are present on the inside surface of the CO.sub.2 pipeline in an amount effective to reduce the formation of CO.sub.2 hydrates in the CO.sub.2 pipeline during the pressurizing in comparison to the formation of the CO.sub.2 hydrates in the CO.sub.2 pipeline under the same conditions but in the absence of the MEG CQDs.

A method of inhibiting carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) hydrate formation in a CO.sub.2 pipeline is described. The method includes injecting a composition including monoethylene glycol carbon quantum dots (MEG CQDs) into the CO.sub.2 pipeline to deposit the MEG CQDs on an inside surface of the CO.sub.2 pipeline. The method further includes pressurizing the CO.sub.2 pipeline with a gas stream containing CO.sub.2 and water vapor at a pressure of 200-2,000 pounds per square inch (psi). The MEG CQDs are present on the inside surface of the CO.sub.2 pipeline in an amount effective to reduce the formation of CO.sub.2 hydrates in the CO.sub.2 pipeline during the pressurizing in comparison to the formation of the CO.sub.2 hydrates in the CO.sub.2 pipeline under the same conditions but in the absence of the MEG CQDs.

A method for increasing the light emission produced by the chemiluminescent reaction of 8-amino-5-chloro-7-phenylpyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine-1,4(2H,3H)-dione, a peroxidase enzyme or a conjugate thereof, an enhancer, a co-enhancer and a peroxide oxidizer, wherein the enhancer is an anionic N-alkylphenothiazine and the co-enhancer is selected from a 4-dialkylaminopyridine or an N-azole, and wherein the method comprises the following steps: i. realizing a chemiluminescent substrate by means of mixing together 8-amino-5-chloro-7-phenylpyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine-1,4(2H,3H)-dione, the enhancer, the co-enhancer and the peroxide oxidizer, and ii. adding the peroxidase enzyme or a conjugate thereof to the chemiluminescent substrate.

A method for increasing the light emission produced by the chemiluminescent reaction of 8-amino-5-chloro-7-phenylpyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine-1,4(2H,3H)-dione, a peroxidase enzyme or a conjugate thereof, an enhancer, a co-enhancer and a peroxide oxidizer, wherein the enhancer is an anionic N-alkylphenothiazine and the co-enhancer is selected from a 4-dialkylaminopyridine or an N-azole, and wherein the method comprises the following steps: i. realizing a chemiluminescent substrate by means of mixing together 8-amino-5-chloro-7-phenylpyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine-1,4(2H,3H)-dione, the enhancer, the co-enhancer and the peroxide oxidizer, and ii. adding the peroxidase enzyme or a conjugate thereof to the chemiluminescent substrate.