Disclosed herein is a material, comprising a first metal halide that is operative to function as a scintillator; where the first metal halide excludes cesium iodide (ScI), strontium iodide (SrI.sub.2), cesium bromide (CsBr), thallium doped cesium iodide (CsI:Tl), europium doped strontium iodide (SrI.sub.2:Eu), europium doped barium iodide (BaI.sub.2;EU), cerium doped strontium iodide (SrI.sub.2:Ce), cerium doped barium iodide (BaI.sub.2:Ce), cerium doped lanthanum bromide (LaBr.sub.3:Ce), and cerium doped lutetium iodide (LuI.sub.3:Ce); and a surface layer comprising a second metal halide that is disposed on a surface of the first metal halide; where the second metal halide has a lower water solubility than the first metal halide.

A color wheel according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: a basic fluorescent body having a basic light-emitting wavelength; and at least one modified fluorescent body having at least one light-emitting wavelength different from the basic light-emitting wavelength, wherein the basic fluorescent body comprises Y.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12 and the modified fluorescent body comprises Y.sub.3(Ga.sub.xAl.sub.(1-x)).sub.5O.sub.12:Ce in which gallium is doped on the basic fluorescent body

A color wheel according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: a basic fluorescent body having a basic light-emitting wavelength; and at least one modified fluorescent body having at least one light-emitting wavelength different from the basic light-emitting wavelength, wherein the basic fluorescent body comprises Y.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12 and the modified fluorescent body comprises Y.sub.3(Ga.sub.xAl.sub.(1-x)).sub.5O.sub.12:Ce in which gallium is doped on the basic fluorescent body

A semiconductor nanoparticle complex in which two or more ligands including an aliphatic ligand and a polar ligand are coordinated to a surface of a semiconductor nanoparticle, wherein: the ligands are composed of an organic group and a coordinating group; in the aliphatic ligand, the organic group is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group; the polar ligand includes a hydrophilic functional group in the organic group; a mass ratio of the aliphatic ligand to the polar ligand (aliphatic ligand/polar ligand) is 0.05 to 1.00; a ratio ({(X.sub.H)/L}×100) of a mass reduction rate of the semiconductor nanoparticle complex in a range of 350° C. or higher and 550° C. or lower in a thermogravimetric analysis (X.sub.H) to a mass fraction of all ligands in the semiconductor nanoparticle complex at room temperature (L) is 10 or more and 55 or less.

A semiconductor nanoparticle complex in which two or more ligands including an aliphatic ligand and a polar ligand are coordinated to a surface of a semiconductor nanoparticle, wherein: the ligands are composed of an organic group and a coordinating group; in the aliphatic ligand, the organic group is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group; the polar ligand includes a hydrophilic functional group in the organic group; a mass ratio of the aliphatic ligand to the polar ligand (aliphatic ligand/polar ligand) is 0.05 to 1.00; a ratio ({(X.sub.H)/L}×100) of a mass reduction rate of the semiconductor nanoparticle complex in a range of 350° C. or higher and 550° C. or lower in a thermogravimetric analysis (X.sub.H) to a mass fraction of all ligands in the semiconductor nanoparticle complex at room temperature (L) is 10 or more and 55 or less.

A CuInS.sub.2@ZnS nanomaterial synthesized with thiosalicylic acid and sodium citrate as dual-stabilizers is taken as a chemiluminescent luminophore, and Tris buffer containing both N.sub.2H.sub.4.H.sub.2O and H.sub.2O.sub.2 is taken as the triggering solution; introducing the H.sub.2O.sub.2 into the triggering solution can bring out greatly enhanced CL emission and obviously shortened CL process, enable the CuInS.sub.2@ZnS nanomaterial with strong flash-type and near-infrared CL; the luminophore of CuInS.sub.2@ZnS nanomaterial is synthesized by a one-pot method; compared with acridinium ester (a classical flash-type chemiluminescent substance), the CuInS.sub.2@ZnS nanomaterial is simple in synthesis method, mild in conditions and short in the required time, the synthesized CuInS.sub.2@ZnS nanomaterial is not easy to decompose under light, and the CL waveband is in the near-infrared region.

A quantum dot, including a core including a first semiconductor material that includes indium; and a shell including a second semiconductor material, and disposed on the core, wherein the first semiconductor material and the second semiconductor material are different, wherein the shell has at least two branch portions and a valley portion connecting the at least two branch portions, at least one of the at least two branch portions comprises Zn, Se, and S, and a content of sulfur in the at least one branch portion increases in a direction away from the core.

Provided is a luminescent material having excellent durability. The luminescent material contains second semiconductor nanoparticles that contain first semiconductor nanoparticles and a deposit arranged on surfaces of the first semiconductor nanoparticles, and that emit light when irradiated with light; and a metal compound in which the second semiconductor nanoparticles are embedded. The first semiconductor nanoparticles contain M.sup.1, M.sup.2, and Z. M.sup.1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ag, Cu, Au and alkali metals, and contains at least Ag. M.sup.2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In and Tl, and contains at least one of In and Ga. Z contains at least one selected from the group consisting of S, Se, and Te. The deposit is substantially composed of at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Tl and alkali metals, and at least one selected from the group consisting of S, O, Se, and Te. The metal compound contains at least one of Zn and Ga, and at least one of S and O.

Provided is a luminescent material having excellent durability. The luminescent material contains second semiconductor nanoparticles that contain first semiconductor nanoparticles and a deposit arranged on surfaces of the first semiconductor nanoparticles, and that emit light when irradiated with light; and a metal compound in which the second semiconductor nanoparticles are embedded. The first semiconductor nanoparticles contain M.sup.1, M.sup.2, and Z. M.sup.1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ag, Cu, Au and alkali metals, and contains at least Ag. M.sup.2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In and Tl, and contains at least one of In and Ga. Z contains at least one selected from the group consisting of S, Se, and Te. The deposit is substantially composed of at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Tl and alkali metals, and at least one selected from the group consisting of S, O, Se, and Te. The metal compound contains at least one of Zn and Ga, and at least one of S and O.

Provided are a quantum dot-ligand composite which includes quantum dots including a semiconductor nanocrystalline core that includes Group III and V elements and a semiconductor nanocrystalline shell that is disposed on the semiconductor nanocrystalline core and includes Group II and VI elements; and organic ligands coordinated to the quantum dots. Additionally, a quantum dot-ligand composite with high luminescence properties and stability according to the electrostatic effective binding ratio between the quantum dots and the organic ligands bound to the surface of the quantum dots, and a photosensitive resin composition, optical film, electroluminescent diode, and electronic device including the same can be provided.