Provided is an electrochromic compound represented by the following general formula (I) or (II) where R.sub.1 to R.sub.13 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a monovalent organic group, or a polymerizable functional group, and at least one of the R.sub.1 to the R.sub.13 is a polymerizable functional group.

The present invention relates to organic electroluminescent devices including a light-emitting layers B including a TADF material, an excitation energy transfer component EET-2, a small full width at half maximum (FWHM) emitter S.sup.B emitting blue light with an FWHM of less than or equal to 0.25 eV, and a host material H.sup.B. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for generating blue light by means of an organic electroluminescent device according to the present invention.

The present invention relates to organic electroluminescent devices including one or more light-emitting layers B, each of which is composed of one or more sublayers including as a whole one or more excitation energy transfer components EET-1, one or more excitation energy transfer components EET-2, one or more small full width at half maximum (FWHM) emitters S.sup.B emitting light with an FWHM of less than or equal to 0.25 eV. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for generating light by means of an organic electroluminescent device according to the present invention.

Techniques for generating quantum light emitters that operate at room temperature and at telecom wavelengths are described. Quantum light emitters of the present disclosure may have various structures. For examples, an SWCNT may chirality of (6,5), (7,5), or (10,3). Quantum light emitters of the present disclosure may be doped with various compounds. In at least some examples, an SWCNT may be doped with an aryl dopant. In at least some examples, the aryl dopant may be an aryl diazonium dopant. Example aryl diazonium dopants include, but are not limited to, 3,5-dichlorobenzenediazonium (Cl.sub.2-Dz) and 4-methoxybenzenediazonium (MeO-Dz). Quantum light emitters of the present disclosure may be encapsulated in various materials. In at least some examples, an SWCNT may be encapsulated in a surfactant. An example surfactant is sodium deoxycholate (DOC). In at least some other examples, an SWCNT may be encapsulated in a polymer. In at least some examples, the polymer may be a polyfluorene polymer. An example polyfluorene polymer is a copolymer of 9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl and bipyridine (PFO-BPy).

Exemplary methods, systems, products and arrangements for converting a product containing a plastic such as polyolefin into a product containing carbon and oxygen such as carbon dots and carbon dots configured to emit a blue light can be provided. For example, it is possible to convert a product containing a polyolefin into carbon dots. For example, it is possible to perform a hydrothermal reaction on a mixture comprising the product containing the polyolefin, nitric acid and water at a temperature in a range of between about 160? C. and 220? C. to obtain the carbon dots.

An organic electroluminescent device includes at least two light-emissive units provided between a cathode electrode and an anode electrode opposed to the cathode electrode, each of the light-emissive units including at least one light-emissive layer. The light-emissive units are partitioned from each other by at least one charge generation layer, the charge generation layer being an electrically insulating layer having a resistivity of not less than 1.0?10.sup.2 ?cm.

An organic electroluminescent device includes at least two light-emissive units provided between a cathode electrode and an anode electrode opposed to the cathode electrode, each of the light-emissive units including at least one light-emissive layer. The light-emissive units are partitioned from each other by at least one charge generation layer, the charge generation layer being an electrically insulating layer having a resistivity of not less than 1.0?10.sup.2 ?cm.

Embodiments provide an organic compound, an organic ligand, an optoelectronic device including the organic compound or the organic ligand, an electronic apparatus including the optoelectronic device, an electronic equipment including the electronic apparatus, and an organic semiconductor thin film including the organic compound or the organic ligand. The optoelectronic device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode, and an organic compound represented by Formula 1 or an organic ligand represented by Formula 1A or Formula 1B, wherein Formulae 1, 1A, and 1B are explained in the specification:

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Provided is a color conversion composition showing excellent chromaticity durability, containing Component (A), Component (B), and Component (C), where Component (A) is a luminescent material, Component (B) is a binder resin, and Component (C) is a salt of an organic acid and at least one transition metal selected from the group consisting of Sc, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Y, Zr, Mo, Ag, and lanthanoids.

An organic electroluminescent device includes at least two light-emissive units provided between a cathode electrode and an anode electrode opposed to the cathode electrode, each of the light-emissive units including at least one light-emissive layer. The light-emissive units are partitioned from each other by at least one charge generation layer, the charge generation layer being an electrically insulating layer having a resistivity of not less than 1.0?10.sup.2 ?cm.