A light emitting material includes a host material, the host material comprises a first compound having a structural general Formula I.

##STR00001##

An electric field enhancement element includes a metal microstructure and a modifying molecule disposed on the surface of the metal microstructure, wherein the modifying molecule is derived from a compound represented by the following formula (1). ##STR00001## In the formula (1), X is NH.sub.2, SH, Cl, CHO, COOH, SO.sub.3H, CN, or NO.sub.2.

An organic light-emitting device. light emitting device having a light emitting layer including a compound of Chemical Formula 1 and a compound of Chemical Formula 2:

##STR00001##

Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-60 aryl or C.sub.2-60 heteroaryl containing at least one of N, O and S, each Ar.sub.3 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-60 aryl or C.sub.2-60 heteroaryl containing at least one of N, O and S, and at least one of Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.2-Ar.sub.3 is a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.16-60 aryl polycyclic aromatic ring,

##STR00002##

Ar.sub.5 and Ar.sub.6 are each substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-60 aryl or C.sub.2-60 heteroaryl containing at least one of N, O and S, and the other substituents are as defined in the specification, provided that Ar.sub.3 is not

##STR00003##

when Ar.sub.3 is an unsubstituted C.sub.16-60 aryl polycyclic aromatic ring.

Provided is an electrochromic compound represented by the following general formula (I) or (II) where R.sub.1 to R.sub.13 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a monovalent organic group, or a polymerizable functional group, and at least one of the R.sub.1 to the R.sub.13 is a polymerizable functional group.

Provided is a novel compound and an organic light emitting device comprising the same. A compound of Chemical Formula 1:

##STR00001##

where any one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.12 is a substituent of Chemical Formula 2, and the rest are hydrogen or deuterium:

##STR00002##

where L.sub.1 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenylene, biphenyldiyl, or naphthalenediyl; L.sub.2 and L.sub.3 are each independently a single bond, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-60 arylene or C.sub.2-60 heteroarylene containing at least one of N, O and S, and Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-60 aryl or C.sub.2-60 heteroaryl containing at least one of N, O and S may be used as a material for an organic material layer in the organic light emitting device, and may improve efficiency and properties in terms of a low driving voltage and a lifespan in the organic light emitting device.

A liquid-crystalline medium, preferably having a nematic phase, comprising one or more compounds of formula C

##STR00001## the use thereof in an energy-efficient electro-optical display, particularly in an active-matrix display based on the IPS or FFS effect, displays of this type which contain a liquid-crystalline medium of this type, and the use of the compounds of formula C for improvement of the contrast and/or response times of a liquid-crystalline medium which comprises one or more additional mesogenic compounds.

An organic light emitting device having improved driving voltage, efficiency and lifetime. The device includes a light emitting layer containing a compound of Chemical Formulae 1 and 2:

##STR00001## wherein: X.sub.1-X.sub.7 are each independently CR.sub.1 or N, at least one of X.sub.1-X.sub.7 is N, and each R.sub.1 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-60 aryl or C.sub.2-60 heteroaryl containing any one or more of N, O and S; Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-60 aryl or C.sub.2-60 heteroaryl containing at least one of N, O and S; A and B are each independently hydrogen, deuterium,

##STR00002## or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-60 aryl or C.sub.2-60 heteroaryl containing at least one of N, O and S, provided that at least one of A and B is

##STR00003## and the other substituents are described in the specification.

Provided is a phenanthroline derivative having a specific structure. The phenanthroline derivative includes in a skeleton a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having electron-accepting nitrogen, and a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having less than 20 ring-forming carbon atoms. The phenanthroline derivative is preferably used in electronic devices such as light emitting elements, photoelectric conversion elements, lithium ion batteries, fuel cells and transistors.

Provided are a compound for further improving the capability of an organic EL device, an organic electroluminescent device having a further improved device capability, and an electronic device including such an organic electroluminescent device, in which the compound is represented by the following formula (1): [in formula (1), N*, *a1, *a3, *b1, m, n, R.sup.1A to R.sup.5A, R.sup.1B to R.sup.5B, R.sup.11B to R.sup.14B, R.sup.21A to R.sup.25A, R.sup.21B to R.sup.24B, L, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2 and Ar.sup.3 are as defined in the description], the organic electroluminescent device is an organic electroluminescent device including the compound, and the electronic device is an electronic device including such an organic electroluminescent device.

##STR00001##

An organic optoelectronic device, including an anode and a cathode facing each other; a light emitting layer between the anode and the cathode; a hole transport layer between the anode and the light emitting layer; and a hole transport auxiliary layer between the hole transport layer and the light emitting layer, wherein the hole transport auxiliary layer includes a first hole transport auxiliary layer adjacent to the hole transport layer and a second hole transport auxiliary layer adjacent to the light emitting layer, the first hole transport auxiliary layer includes a first compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, and the second hole transport auxiliary layer includes a second compound represented by Chemical Formula 2:

##STR00001##