A compound represented by Formula 1, a light-emitting device including the compound represented by Formula 1, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device are provided.

##STR00001##

Electrophoretic media are disclosed containing a plurality of charged pigment particles, a charge control agent, and a non-polar liquid. The molecular structure of the charge control agent includes two quaternary ammonium functional groups, two or more amide functional groups or two or more ester functional groups, and two or more aliphatic biradical units, each of the two or more aliphatic biradical units comprising a ring structure.

Disclosed are a zinc oxide-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon quantum dot capable of blue light emission in which ZnO is combined with a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon having a blue light emitting characteristic to realize a quantum dot of a core-shell structure and electron emission transition is induced to proceed within the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon so that the purity of blue light emission is improved, and a manufacturing method thereof. The zinc oxide-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon quantum dot capable of blue light emission includes a core-shell structure of zinc oxide-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (ZnO-PAH) quantum dot in which the ZnO quantum dot and the PAH are combined, the ZnO-PAH quantum dot includes an energy level in a form of a Type II structure or a quasi-Type II structure.

A compound for further improving the capability of an organic EL device, an organic electroluminescent device having a further improved device capability, and an electronic device including such an organic electroluminescent device, in which the compound has formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein N*, *a1, *a3, *b1, m, n, R.sup.1A to R.sup.5A, R.sup.1B to R.sup.5B, R.sup.11B to R.sup.14B, R.sup.21A to R.sup.25A, R.sup.21B to R.sup.24B, L, Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, and Ar.sup.3 are as defined in the description, the organic electroluminescent device is an organic electroluminescent device including the compound, and the electronic device is an electronic device including such an organic electroluminescent device.

A compound of formula (1):

##STR00001##

including at least one deuterium atom, wherein Ar.sup.1 has formula (1-b), Ar.sup.2 is a group of formula (2) or (3), Ar.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom, L is a single bond, as defined herein. An organic electroluminescent device may include the compound, and an electronic device may include such an organic electroluminescent device.

The present disclosure provides an organic compound represented by general formula (1-1) or (1-2).

##STR00001##

In general formulas (1-1) and (1-2), R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 are each a deuterium atom or a substituent. R.sup.4 is an alkyl group or an alkoxy group. 1 and m are each an integer of 0 to 5, and n is an integer of 0 to 3. D.sup.1 is represented by general formula (2).

##STR00002##

In general formula (2), R.sup.5 to R.sup.7 are each a deuterium atom or a substituent. o and q are each an integer of 0 to 4, and p is an integer of 0 to 2. Z.sup.1 is an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a selenium atom, NR.sup.8, or CR.sup.9R.sup.10. R.sup.8 to R.sup.10 are each a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, or a substituent. * represents a position of bonding to general formula (1-1) or (1-2).

A liquid-crystalline medium, preferably having a nematic phase, comprising one or more compounds of formula C ##STR00001##
the use thereof in an energy-efficient electro-optical display, particularly in an active-matrix display based on the IPS or FFS effect, displays of this type which contain a liquid-crystalline medium of this type, and the use of the compounds of formula C for improvement of the contrast and/or response times of a liquid-crystalline medium which comprises one or more additional mesogenic compounds.