In one aspect, the invention relates to methods and compositions for determining migration of a virus particle to the nucleus of a cell. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

Disclosed herein are staining agent solutions for use in fluorescence microscopy. One example of fluorescence microscopy in which the staining agent solutions are useful is intraoperative confocal microscopy. Intraoperative confocal microscopy can be used, for example, to assess margins of resected cancerous tissue. Example staining agent solutions include acridine orange, where the pH of the solution is from 6 to 8, for example from 6.8 to 7.4. The solution may include a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The solution may be isotonic. The solution may comprise one or more of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium chloride. In some embodiments, the staining agent solution does not comprise acetic acid (e.g., an acetate buffer). Staining agent solutions disclosed herein may reduce adverse impacts to tissue resulting from staining. Staining agent solutions disclosed herein may preserve normal appearance of tissue. Staining agent solutions disclosed herein may have negligible or reduced odor.

The present invention relates to novel formulations comprising an organic semiconductor (OSC) and one or more organic solvents. The formulation comprises a viscosity at 25 C. of less than 15 mPas and the boiling point of the solvent is at most 400 C. Furthermore, the present invention describes the use of these formulations as inks for the preparation of organic electronic (OE) devices, especially organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells and OLED devices, to methods for preparing OE devices using the novel formulations, and to OE devices, OLED devices and OPV cells prepared from such methods and formulations.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a fine fluorescent particle, which does not cause concentration quenching and has low ecotoxicity. Specifically, the present invention relates to a fine fluorescent particle containing an AIE-active compound, the particle consisting of a network polymer, wherein the fine fluorescent particle is characterized in that the AIE-active compound is, for example, a compound represented by the following formula (1):

##STR00001## wherein E represents silicon or germanium; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, which are the same or different, each represent a hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group; and R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, which are the same or different, each represent a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group.

The objective of the present invention is to provide: a luminescent thin film which has high luminous efficiency and a long emission life; and an organic electroluminescent element which uses this luminescent thin film and has improved stability during continuous driving. A luminescent thin film according to the present invention is characterized by containing a phosphorescent metal complex and a host compound which forms an exciplex together with the phosphorescent metal complex.

A color converter may include a polymeric matrix material and at least one organic fluorescent colorant of formula I.a, I.b, and/or I.c ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7 are H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl or C.sub.6-C.sub.14-aryl-C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkylene; R.sup.4a, R.sup.4b are fluorine, chlorine, cyano or OR.sup.10, R.sup.8a, R.sup.8b are C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl; R.sup.8c is C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, C.sub.6-C.sub.10-aryl or C.sub.6-C.sub.10-aryl-C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkylene, wherein the aryl moieties being optionally substituted by k substituents R.sup.9; k is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; R.sup.9 is C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkoxy, CN, halogen, phenyl or phenoxy; and R.sup.10 is C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkyl or hydroxy-C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkyl. Backlight units for liquid crystal displays; liquid crystal display devices, and a self-emissive display devices may include this color converter and such colorant.

Ordered structures composed of a plurality of self-assembled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) monomers, and processes of generating same are provided. The plurality of PNA monomers includes modified PNA monomers which are N-protected PNA monomers and/or which feature at least one aromatic moiety attached to a backbone, a nucleobase and/or a nucleobase linkage unit of the PNA monomer. Tunable photonic crystals formed of the provided ordered structures, uses thereof and articles-of-manufacturing containing same are also provided.

This invention provides a luminescent composition comprising a polymer and at least one phosphorescent compound, characterized in that the electronic conjunction chain coefficient Z.sub.e of the main repeating minimum unit of the polymer falls within the following range: 0<Z.sub.e2.00 (1) wherein the electronic conjunction chain coefficient Z.sub.e is defined as a slope obtained by linear approximation of function T.sub.m=T.sub.m (1/n.sub.e) by the least square method wherein n.sub.e represents the number of conjugated electrons contained in repeating minimum units; and T.sub.m represents, for m-mer obtained by bonding repeating minimum units, the lowest triplet excitation energy in each m-mer when the number m is varied from 1 to 3 by one by one. Here in the number of conjugated electrons, only the conjugated electrons present in the main chain of the repeating minimum units are taken into consideration, provided that, when there are a plurality of main repeating minimum units, the minimum Z.sub.e is used.

In one aspect, the invention relates to methods and compositions for determining migration of a virus particle to the nucleus of a cell. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

The present invention is directed to an electroluminescent device comprising an anode layer, a cathode layer, a first emission layer, a hole injection layer and a first hole transport layer that comprises a compound containing a metal.