The present invention relates to an organic electronic device, comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a substantially organic layer comprising a compound according to formula (I) between the first and the second electrode: ##STR00001##
wherein A.sup.1 is a C.sub.6-C.sub.20 arylene and each of A.sup.2-A.sup.3 is independently selected from a C.sub.6-C.sub.20 aryl, wherein the aryl or arylene may be unsubstituted or substituted with groups comprising C and H or with a further LiO group, provided that the given C count in an aryl or arylene group includes also all substituents present on the said group.

A conductive laminate and an electrochromic device including the conductive laminate are disclosed. The conductive laminate includes a metal oxynitride layer, a metal oxide layer, and a conductive layer. The metal oxynitride layer, the metal oxide layer or both may comprise monovalent cations. The metal oxynitride layer may be represented by Mo.sub.aTi.sub.bO.sub.xN.sub.y where a>0, b>0, x>0, y>0, 0.5<a/b<4.0, and 0.005<y/x<0.02. The metal oxide layer may comprise a reducing electrochromic material or an oxidizing electrochromic material. The electroconductive laminate and the electrochromic device have excellent durability, excellent color-switching speed, and can stepwise control optical properties.

Provided are a perovskite optoelectronic device containing an exciton buffer layer, and a method for manufacturing the same. The optoelectronic device of the present invention comprises: an exciton buffer layer in which a first electrode, a conductive layer disposed on the first electrode and comprising a conductive material, and a surface buffer layer containing fluorine-based material having lower surface energy than the conductive material are sequentially deposited; a photoactive layer disposed on the exciton buffer layer and containing a perovskite photoactive layer; and a second electrode disposed on the photoactive layer. Accordingly, a perovskite is formed with a combined FCC and BSS crystal structure in a nanoparticle photoactive layer. The present invention can also form a lamellar or layered structure in which an organic plane and an inorganic plane are alternatively deposited; and an exciton can be bound by the inorganic plane, thereby being capable of expressing high color purity.

An electrochromic device according to the inventive concept includes a first electrode; a second electrode on the first electrode; and an electrochromic electrolyte layer and a nanostructure between the first and second electrodes. The nanostructure has a porous structure, and the electrochromic electrolyte layer includes phenothiazine or a compound represented by the following Formula 1:

##STR00001## where R.sub.1 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl or phenyl.

According to one embodiment, provided is an electrochromic device including an electrochromic layer, which contains a tungsten oxide material. The tungsten oxide material includes potassium-containing tungsten oxide particles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less. The potassium-containing tungsten oxide particles contain potassium within a range of 1 mol % to 50 mol %, and include a central section and a peripheral section adjacent to the central section. A periodicity of a crystal varies between the central section and the peripheral section.

An organic electroluminescence device including a light emitting layer, a first electron transporting layer, and a second electron transporting layer from an anode toward a cathode, wherein the first electron transporting layer comprises a compound represented by formula (1) and the second electron transporting layer comprises a compound represented by formula (2) has a good organic electroluminescence device performance:

##STR00001##

wherein A, L, Ar, n, and X.sup.1 to X.sup.6 are as defined in the specification.

The present invention relates to an organic electronic device, comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a substantially organic layer comprising a compound according to formula (I) between the first and the second electrode:

##STR00001##

wherein A.sup.1 is a C.sub.6-C.sub.20 arylene and each of A.sup.2-A.sup.3 is independently selected from a C.sub.6-C.sub.20 aryl, wherein the aryl or arylene may be unsubstituted or substituted with groups comprising C and H or with a further LiO group, provided that the given C count in an aryl or arylene group includes also all substituents present on the said group.

A family of phosphorescent emitter compounds containing a carbene ligand L.sub.A selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00001##
is disclosed. These compounds enhance the performance of OLEDs when incorporated therein.

Provided are a perovskite optoelectronic device containing an exciton buffer layer, and a method for manufacturing the same. The optoelectronic device of the present inventive concept comprises: an exciton buffer layer in which a first electrode, a conductive layer disposed on the first electrode and comprising a conductive material, and a surface buffer layer containing fluorine-based material having lower surface energy than the conductive material are sequentially deposited; a photoactive layer disposed on the exciton buffer layer and containing a perovskite photoactive layer; and a second electrode disposed on the photoactive layer. Accordingly, a perovskite is formed with a combined FCC and BSS crystal structure in a nanoparticle photoactive layer. The present inventive concept can also form a lamellar or layered structure in which an organic plane and an inorganic plane are alternatively deposited; and an exciton can be bound by the inorganic plane, thereby being capable of expressing high color purity.

The present invention relates to an organic electronic device, comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a substantially organic layer comprising a compound according to formula (I) between the first and the second electrode: ##STR00001##
wherein A.sup.1 is a C6-C20 arylene and each of A.sup.2-A.sup.3 is independently selected from a C6-C20 aryl, wherein the aryl or arylene may be unsubstituted or substituted with groups comprising C and H or with a further LiO group, provided that the given C count in an aryl or arylene group includes also all substituents present on the said group.