A continuous process and apparatus for treating dried coal and coal char to promote passivation of the reactive carbon particles by forming a protective oxide coating and simultaneously adding moisture to rehydrate said particles. The passivation process is conducted in a novel apparatus providing for the staged control of the reaction temperature and the staged introduction of both oxygen and moisture. The fluidized bed apparatus has internal in-bed cooling means embedded within the fluidized coal or coal char particles so as to remove the heat energy as it is released by virtue of the exothermic passivation reactions.

A continuous process and apparatus for treating dried coal and coal char to promote passivation of the reactive carbon particles by forming a protective oxide coating and simultaneously adding moisture to rehydrate said particles. The passivation process is conducted in a novel apparatus providing for the staged control of the reaction temperature and the staged introduction of both oxygen and moisture. The fluidized bed apparatus has internal in-bed cooling means embedded within the fluidized coal or coal char particles so as to remove the heat energy as it is released by virtue of the exothermic passivation reactions.

The invention belongs to the field of biomass energy utilization, and a continuous pyrolysis and carbonization method of agricultural and forestry biomass is disclosed. The method comprises the following steps: feeding biomass feedstock to a dryer for drying, then transporting to a continuous pyrolysis apparatus for pyrolyzing to obtain pyrolysis semicoke and pyrolysis volatiles; and transporting the pyrolysis semicoke to a carbonization apparatus for carbonization to obtain biomass charcoal and semi-coke carbonized volatiles; then discharging the pyrolysis volatiles and the semi-coke carbonized volatiles, and cooling to obtain tar, wood vinegar and pyrolysis gas; introducing the pyrolysis gas into a combustion apparatus for combustion to obtain a high temperature flue gas; and finally transporting the high temperature flue gas into pyrolysis apparatus and carbonization apparatus for supplying heat, then the flue gas after supplying heat is delivered to the dryer and discharging tail gas. In the method, continuous and stable pyrolysis and carbonization of biomasses is realized, the pyrolysis step and the carbonization step are finished in the same system with separate step, transport efficiency is significantly increased, reaction conditions are steady and controllable, and the energy utilization efficiency is high.

There is presented a method for thermal decomposition of plastic waste and/or biomass, characterized by that fact the plastic waste and/or biomass are subjected to a temperature in a reactor in the presence of loose three-dimensional elements of a developed surface area, resistant to the process heat. The invention also involves an installation to carry out the process.

There is presented a method for thermal decomposition of plastic waste and/or biomass, characterized by that fact the plastic waste and/or biomass are subjected to a temperature in a reactor in the presence of loose three-dimensional elements of a developed surface area, resistant to the process heat. The invention also involves an installation to carry out the process.

The present invention provides methods and apparatus for treating waste, such as municipal waste via pyrolysis and yielding one or more of heat energy; electrical energy and fuel. In some embodiments, waste feed stock can be municipal waste in black bag form. In some the present invention additionally provides for processing of hundreds of tons of municipal waste each day.

The present invention provides methods and apparatus for treating waste, such as municipal waste via pyrolysis and yielding one or more of heat energy; electrical energy and fuel. In some embodiments, waste feed stock can be municipal waste in black bag form. In some the present invention additionally provides for processing of hundreds of tons of municipal waste each day.

In a method for producing pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis coke, a starting material substantially comprising biomass is supplied to the upper region of a pyrolysis reactor. The latter has a substantially vertically arranged reactor chamber, which is substantially tubular. The reaction chamber then contains a bed of bulk material that comprises the starting material to be pyrolyzed and, optionally, the pyrolysis coke. This bulk material is thermally treated in the pyrolysis reactor, where the pyrolysis coke, the pyrolysis gases and the pyrolysis vapors are formed from the starting material to be pyrolyzed, and where the bulk material, the pyrolysis gases and the pyrolysis vapors are guided through the reaction chamber from top to bottom. The movement of the bulk material is caused substantially by gravity and the movement of the pyrolysis gases and pyrolysis vapors by the gas pressure building up.

In a method for producing pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis coke, a starting material substantially comprising biomass is supplied to the upper region of a pyrolysis reactor. The latter has a substantially vertically arranged reactor chamber, which is substantially tubular. The reaction chamber then contains a bed of bulk material that comprises the starting material to be pyrolyzed and, optionally, the pyrolysis coke. This bulk material is thermally treated in the pyrolysis reactor, where the pyrolysis coke, the pyrolysis gases and the pyrolysis vapors are formed from the starting material to be pyrolyzed, and where the bulk material, the pyrolysis gases and the pyrolysis vapors are guided through the reaction chamber from top to bottom. The movement of the bulk material is caused substantially by gravity and the movement of the pyrolysis gases and pyrolysis vapors by the gas pressure building up.

A hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) system has a biomass slurry flow path with a first pump and a first heat exchanger network downstream of the first pump. The first heat exchanger network includes plurality of heat exchangers in a parallel, series, and/or series-parallel flow arrangement. The biomass slurry flow path extends through cold flow sides of the heat exchangers of the first heat exchanger network. The biomass slurry flow path includes a second pump downstream of the first heat exchanger network, and a second heat exchanger network downstream of the second pump. The biomass slurry flow path extends through cold flow sides of the heat exchangers of the second heat exchanger network. A hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) reactor is downstream of the second heat exchanger network. Heat transfer liquid in a heat transfer liquid circuit flows through hot flow sides of the heat exchangers of the second heat exchanger network.