The invention presents a covered cavity kiln pyrolyzer with modulated means of rotation, to promote mixing and exposure of the biomass to heat, thereby allowing complete and efficient pyrolysis of biomass therein. The invention has a portal arrangement for simultaneous entry of fuel and air alongside the exit of emissions and flames to a separate hood structure. In addition to rotational modulation for mixing, the rotational capabilities of the kiln also permit the removal of processed charcoal when the portal is turned downward. The invention also has a system of internal prongs for mixing and sifting removal of char, as well as automated fuel delivery mechanisms and a system of openings to allow insertion of pipes and sensors into the kiln for monitoring and for additional delivery of reagents for better modulation and efficiency by a user during the pyrolyzation process.

Continuous thermal processing of used or damaged tires carried out by thermal decomposition in a closed vertically oriented reaction space in the presence of a controlled flow of air blowing into it from below, by the action of flue gases passing from the tires ignited at the bottom of the reaction space upwards, along the tires stacked and continuously replenished in the reaction space to form their thermal decomposition products, discharged from the reaction space to be further processed.

The invention is directed to a process to prepare a char product and a syngas mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide from a solid torrefied biomass feed comprising the following steps: (i) subjecting the solid biomass feed to a pyrolysis reaction thereby obtaining a gaseous fraction comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a mixture of gaseous organic compounds and a solid fraction comprising of char particles; (ii) separating the char particles as the char product from the gaseous fraction; (iii) subjecting the gaseous fraction obtained in step (ii) to a continuously operated partial oxidation to obtain a syngas mixture further comprising water and having an elevated temperature and (iv) contacting the syngas mixture with a carbonaceous compound to chemically quench the syngas mixture. The temperature of the syngas is reduced in step (iv) from between 1000 and 1600° C. to a temperature of between 800 and 1200° C.

The invention is directed to a process to prepare a char product and a syngas mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide from a solid torrefied biomass feed comprising the following steps: (i) subjecting the solid biomass feed to a pyrolysis reaction thereby obtaining a gaseous fraction comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a mixture of gaseous organic compounds and a solid fraction comprising of char particles; (ii) separating the char particles as the char product from the gaseous fraction; (iii) subjecting the gaseous fraction obtained in step (ii) to a continuously operated partial oxidation to obtain a syngas mixture further comprising water and having an elevated temperature and (iv) contacting the syngas mixture with a carbonaceous compound to chemically quench the syngas mixture. The temperature of the syngas is reduced in step (iv) from between 1000 and 1600° C. to a temperature of between 800 and 1200° C.

A system and process for producing synthetic gas from solid fuel comprising waste material, municipal solid waste or biomass, and for upgrading the synthetic gas produced. The system and process utilizes a first thermal chamber having a gasification zone in which a fuel stream is gasified by thermal oxidation to produce a first synthetic gas stream and heat; a pyrolysis reactor housed within the first thermal chamber where fuel undergoes pyrolysis to produce a second synthetic gas stream; and a thermal catalytic reactor comprising a second thermal chamber having a catalyst chamber within with a selected catalyst. The first synthetic gas stream is completely thermally oxidized to produce high temperature flue gas that imparts heat to the catalyst chamber in which the second synthetic gas stream is thermally cracked and directed over the catalyst to yield a finished gas or liquid product having a desired chemical composition as determined by the selected catalyst.

A reactor and a method for centrifuge pyrolysis of a feedstock. The reactor may comprise a cylindrical reactor vessel, a heated surface, a cylindrical rotor and rotor blades and is configured to provide centrifugal force and axial propagation to a solid feedstock for centrifuge pyrolysis. A method for centrifuge pyrolysis is also provided. The method may comprise providing a reactor, providing a feedstock, producing heat in the inner wall of the reactor, rotating a rotor of the reactor and collecting the pyrolysis product. The reactor and the method of the invention may be used for ablative centrifuge pyrolysis of feedstock. The feedstock may be any organic feedstock such as biomass.

Apparatuses, systems, and methods are disclosed for shale pyrolysis. A retort may include a first side and a second side opposite the first side, where the first side and the second side include descending angled surfaces at alternating angles to produce zig-zag motion of shale descending through the retort. Steam distributors may be coupled to the first side, with collectors coupled to the second side, to produce crossflow of steam and heat across the descending shale. A steam temperature control subsystem may be coupled to the steam distributors and may deliver higher-temperature steam to an upper portion of the retort and lower-temperature steam to a lower portion of the retort.

Apparatuses, systems, and methods are disclosed for shale pyrolysis. A retort may include a first side and a second side opposite the first side, where the first side and the second side include descending angled surfaces at alternating angles to produce zig-zag motion of shale descending through the retort. Steam distributors may be coupled to the first side, with collectors coupled to the second side, to produce crossflow of steam and heat across the descending shale. A steam temperature control subsystem may be coupled to the steam distributors and may deliver higher-temperature steam to an upper portion of the retort and lower-temperature steam to a lower portion of the retort.

A reactor and a method for centrifuge pyrolysis of a feedstock. The reactor may comprise a cylindrical reactor vessel, a heated surface, a cylindrical rotor and rotor blades and is configured to provide centrifugal force and axial propagation to a solid feedstock for centrifuge pyrolysis. A method for centrifuge pyrolysis is also provided. The method may comprise providing a reactor, providing a feedstock, producing heat in the inner wall of the reactor, rotating a rotor of the reactor and collecting the pyrolysis product. The reactor and the method of the invention may be used for ablative centrifuge pyrolysis of feedstock. The feedstock may be any organic feedstock such as biomass.

A reactor and a method for centrifuge pyrolysis of a feedstock. The reactor may comprise a cylindrical reactor vessel, a heated surface, a cylindrical rotor and rotor blades and is configured to provide centrifugal force and axial propagation to a solid feedstock for centrifuge pyrolysis. A method for centrifuge pyrolysis is also provided. The method may comprise providing a reactor, providing a feedstock, producing heat in the inner wall of the reactor, rotating a rotor of the reactor and collecting the pyrolysis product. The reactor and the method of the invention may be used for ablative centrifuge pyrolysis of feedstock. The feedstock may be any organic feedstock such as biomass.