Some variations provide a process for producing biocarbon pellets, comprising: pyrolyzing a biomass-containing feedstock in a first pyrolysis reactor to generate a first biogenic reagent and a pyrolysis vapor; introducing the pyrolysis vapor to a separation unit, to generate a pyrolysis precipitate in liquid or solid form; contacting the first biogenic reagent with the pyrolysis precipitate, thereby generating an intermediate material; pelletizing the intermediate material, to generate intermediate pellets; optionally, drying the intermediate pellets; separately pyrolyzing the intermediate pellets in a second pyrolysis reactor to generate a second biogenic reagent and a pyrolysis off-gas; and recovering the second biogenic reagent as biocarbon pellets. Some variations provide a similar process that utilizes a carbon-containing condensed-matter material, which is not necessarily a pyrolysis precipitate. The disclosure provides improved processes for producing biocarbon compositions, especially with respect to carbon yield and biocarbon properties, such as reactivity.

Implementations of the present disclosure relate to a method of operating a coker unit comprising the steps of: collecting a coker-furnace feed stream; introducing the coker-furnace feed-stream into a coker furnace for producing a coker-drum feed stream; and introducing a hydrogen-donor gas into either or both of the coker-furnace feed stream or the coker-drum feed stream.

Systems and methods are provided for co-processing of used lubricant oils with a coker feedstock in a fluidized coking process to form lubricant base stocks. The fluidized coking process can remove contaminants and/or additives from used lubricant oils with modest conversion of the lubricant boiling range portion.

Processes for the production of coke, and one or more volatile products comprise the steps of: (i) providing a purified coal product (PCP), wherein the PCP is in particulate form, and wherein at least about 90% v of the particles are no greater than about 100 μm in diameter; wherein the PCP has an ash content of less than about 10% m and a water content of less than around 5% m; (ii) combining the PCP with a liquid residue oil to create a combined solid-liquid blend, wherein the solid-liquid blend comprises at least around 0.1% m and at most around 30% m PCP; (iii) subjecting the solid-liquid blend to a temperature in excess of 375° C. for a time period sufficient to induce cracking of at least 1% of the PCP particles to generate the one or more volatile products, and (iv) producing coke from the product of step (iii).

A process for upgrading a heavy oil includes passing heavy oil and disulfide oil to a thermal cracking system that includes a thermal cracking unit and a cracker effluent separation system downstream of the thermal cracking unit and thermally cracking at least a portion of the heavy oil in the presence of the disulfide oil in the thermal cracking unit to produce solid coke and a cracking effluent comprising reaction products. The reaction products include one or more liquid reaction products, one or more gaseous reaction products, or both. The presence of the disulfide oil in the thermal cracking unit promotes conversion of hydrocarbons from the heavy oil to the liquid reaction products, the gaseous reaction products, or both relative to the production of the solid coke.

Methods are disclosed to make coke, graphite, graphene and other materials from biomass derived bio-oil.

A method for preparing needle coke for ultra-high power (UHP) electrodes from heavy oil is provided. In this method, heavy oil is used as a raw material. The size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is conducted with polystyrene (PS) as a packing material to separate out specific components with a relative molecular weight of 400 to 1,000. The ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) is conducted to remove acidic and alkaline components to obtain a neutral raw material. The neutral raw material is subjected to two-stage consecutive carbonization to obtain green coke, and the green coke is subjected to high-temperature calcination to obtain the needle coke for UHP electrodes. The needle coke has a true density of more than 2.13 g/cm.sup.3 and a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of ≤1.15×10.sup.−6/° C. at 25° C. to 600° C.

High-quality graphite/needle grade coke is produced with reduced impurity levels and improved coefficient of thermal expansion using an integrated hydrotreatment, catalytic cracking and coking reaction sections, employing a combination of highly paraffinic hydrotreated VGO stream and aromatic CLO stream, which is thereafter processed in a delayed coking section.

A process for upgrading a heavy oil includes passing heavy oil and disulfide oil to a thermal cracking system that includes a thermal cracking unit and a cracker effluent separation system downstream of the thermal cracking unit and thermally cracking at least a portion of the heavy oil in the presence of the disulfide oil in the thermal cracking unit to produce solid coke and a cracking effluent comprising reaction products. The reaction products include one or more liquid reaction products, one or more gaseous reaction products, or both. The presence of the disulfide oil in the thermal cracking unit promotes conversion of hydrocarbons from the heavy oil to the liquid reaction products, the gaseous reaction products, or both relative to the production of the solid coke.

A synthetic graphite material, in which a size L (112) of a crystallite in a c-axis direction as calculated from a (112) diffraction line obtained by an X-ray wide angle diffraction method is in a range of 4 to 30 nm, a surface area based on a volume as calculated by a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring device is in a range of 0.22 to 1.70 m.sup.2/cm.sup.3, an oil absorption is in a range of 67 to 147 mL/100 g, a spectrum derived from carbon appearing in an electron spin resonance method as measured using an X band is in a range of 3200 to 3410 gauss, and ΔHpp, which is a line width of the spectrum as calculated from a first derivative spectrum of the spectrum at a temperature of 4.8K, is in a range of 41 to 69 gauss.