A bottom fraction of a product of a hydrocatalytic reaction is gasified to generate hydrogen for use in further hydrocatalytic reactions. In one embodiment, an overhead fraction of the hydrocatalytic reaction is further processed to generate higher molecular weight compounds. In another embodiment, a product of the further processing is separated into a bottom fraction and an overhead fraction, where the bottom fraction is also gasified to generate hydrogen for use in further hydrocatalytic reactions.

Digestion of cellulosic biomass solids may be complicated by release of lignin therefrom. Methods for digesting cellulosic biomass solids may comprise: heating cellulosic biomass solids and a digestion solvent in the presence of molecular hydrogen and a slurry catalyst capable of activating molecular hydrogen, thereby forming a phenolics liquid phase comprising lignin, an aqueous phase comprising an alcoholic component derived from the cellulosic biomass solids, and an optional light organics phase, the slurry catalyst being distributed in the cellulosic biomass solids and at least a portion of the slurry catalyst accumulating in the phenolics liquid phase as it forms; conveying at least a portion of the phenolics liquid phase and the slurry catalyst to a location above at least a portion of the cellulosic biomass solids; and after conveying the phenolics liquid phase and the slurry catalyst, releasing them such that they come in contact with the cellulosic biomass solids.

Methods for the conversion of lignites, subbituminous coals and other carbonaceous feedstocks into synthetic oils, including oils with properties similar to light weight sweet crude oil using a solvent derived from hydrogenating oil produced by pyrolyzing lignite are set forth herein. Such methods may be conducted, for example, under mild operating conditions with a low cost stoichiometric co-reagent and/or a disposable conversion agent.

Herein provided are composite materials comprising a phenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and one or more metals. The composite materials may contain metal oxides, such as copper and zinc oxide. The composite materials may be used for catalysis, such as in CO.sub.2 hydrogenation. Methods of forming and using the composite materials are also provided.

A continuous process for transporting one or more waste plastic feedstocks to a refinery processing unit, includes receiving, in a blending unit, one or more waste plastic feedstocks, one or more waste plastic-immiscible bio feedstocks and a recycled inert carrier fluid received from a refinery processing unit, generating, in the blending unit, a homogeneous solution comprising the one or more waste plastic feedstocks, the one or more waste plastic-immiscible bio feedstocks and the recycled inert carrier fluid, and processing the homogeneous solution in the presence of a catalyst under catalytic cracking conditions in the refinery processing unit.

The present disclosure relates to the field of direct coal liquefaction, and discloses a catalyst oil-coal slurry and preparation method thereof, a method for direct coal liquefaction, and uses. The method comprises: mixing an oil-soluble molybdenum source, a solvent, coal powder and an optional sulfur source to obtain the catalyst oil-coal slurry. The use of the catalyst oil-coal slurry for direct coal liquefaction can obtain a higher oil yield and reduce production costs.

The present disclosure discloses a molybdenum amine complex catalyst and a preparation method and use thereof, wherein, the method for preparing the molybdenum amine complex catalyst comprises the following steps: in the presence of a dispersion medium hydrocarbon oil, reacting a hexavalent molybdenum compound with at least one aliphatic amine compound having C4 or more carbon atoms to obtain an active metal catalyst precursor, and uniformly dispersing the active metal catalyst precursor in the dispersion medium hydrocarbon oil to obtain the molybdenum amine complex catalyst. When the molybdenum amine complex catalyst of the present disclosure is applied to the direct coal liquefaction reaction, it can significantly improve the conversion rate of coal and the conversion rate of asphaltene and preasphaltene to oil, allowing the required reaction pressure to be significantly reduced while achieving an oil yield comparable to that of the iron-based catalyst.

The present invention relates generally to the generation of bio-products from organic matter feedstocks. More specifically, the present invention relates to improved methods for the hydrothermal/thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic and/or fossilized organic feedstocks into biofuels (e.g. bio-oils) and/or chemical products (e.g. platform chemicals).

Methods are provided for upgrading of pyrolysis carbon in order to allow for conversion of the pyrolysis carbon into higher value products. Instead of attempting to convert methane into a high value carbon product (such as carbon nanotubes) and H.sub.2 in a single reaction step, pyrolysis conditions can be used to form H.sub.2 and pyrolysis carbon. The pyrolysis carbon can then be treated in order to convert the pyrolysis carbon (H to C atomic ratio of less than 0.20) into a product with a higher hydrogen content (H to C atomic ratio of 0.25-0.9 or 2.0-7.0 wt % H). The treatment can correspond to exposing the pyrolysis carbon with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, exposing the pyrolysis carbon to conditions for alkylation, or a sequential combination thereof. This can convert the pyrolysis carbon into heavy hydrocarbon products that are resin-like solids at room temperature.

A continuous process for producing hydrocarbon products, such as jet fuel, diesel, and naphtha, from lignin-derived materials comprising lignin oligomers, via hydrodeoxygenation in presence of catalysts under hydrogen pressure. These hydrocarbon products can then be fractionated into fuels such as naphtha, jet fuel, or diesel. Preferably, the jet fuel and diesel meet the corresponding fuel standards. Preferably, the naphtha meets key specifications of the corresponding gasoline and naphtha standards. Because lignin-derived materials are produced from biomass, the hydrocarbon products, including the jet fuel, diesel, and naphtha produced by this process, may contain up to 100% biogenic carbon.