Production of fuels from low carbon electricity and from carbon dioxide by the use of a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) and Fischer-Tropsch is shown. Fischer-Tropsch is an exothermic reaction that can be used to produce steam. Steam produced from the Liquid Fuel Production (LFP) reactor system, where the Fischer-Tropsch reaction occurs, is used as feed to the SOEC. The higher temperature steam improves the efficiency of the overall electrolysis system. The integration of the LFP steam improves the efficiency of the electrolysis because the heat of vaporization for the liquid water does not have to be supplied by the electrolyzer.

The present invention provides a process for the manufacture of a useful product from carbonaceous feedstock of fluctuating compositional characteristics, the process comprising the steps of: continuously providing the carbonaceous feedstock of fluctuating compositional characteristics to a gasification zone; gasifying the carbonaceous feedstock in the gasification zone to obtain raw synthesis gas; recovering at least part of the raw synthesis gas from the gasification zone and supplying at least part of the recovered raw synthesis gas to a partial oxidation zone; equilibrating the H.sub.2:CO ratio of the raw synthesis gas in the partial oxidation zone to obtain equilibrated synthesis gas; recovering at least part of the equilibrated synthesis gas from the partial oxidation zone and treating the gas to remove impurities and generate a fine synthesis gas; optionally adjusting the H.sub.2:CO ratio of at least part of the fine synthesis gas to obtain adjusted fine synthesis gas; and converting the optionally adjusted fine synthesis gas into the useful product in a further chemical reaction requiring a usage ratio; wherein the fine synthesis gas H2:CO ratio is below the usage ratio and wherein any optional adjustment of at least part of the fine synthesis gas H.sub.2:CO ratio is effective to increase the H.sub.2:CO ratio in the fine synthesis gas to a level at, nearer to or above the usage ratio; wherein the H.sub.2:CO ratio of the raw synthesis gas fluctuates during operation of the process as a result of the fluctuating compositional characteristics of the carbonaceous feedstock by a percentage of ±x; and the H.sub.2:CO ratio of the equilibrated synthesis gas does not fluctuate during operation of the process or fluctuates during operation of the process as a result of the fluctuating compositional characteristics of the carbonaceous feedstock by a percentage±y, y being a lower percentage than x.

Methods and apparatus for compact and easily maintainable waste reformation. Some embodiments include a rotary oven reformer adapted and configured to provide synthesis gas from organic waste. Some embodiments include a rotary oven with simplified operation both as to reformation of the waste, usage of the synthesized gas and other products, and easy removal of the finished waste products, preferably in a unit of compact size for use in austere settings. Yet other embodiments include Fischer-Tropsch reactors of synthesized gas. Some of these reactors include heat exchanging assemblies that provide self-cleaning effects, efficient utilization of waste heat, and ease of cleaning.

Exemplary systems, processes, and methods for combining synthesis gas flows from more than one source or reactor, for example, gasification and biogas steam methane reformation, are provided. The exemplary systems, processes, and methods may be used to generate liquid fuels from farm waste.

Processes and installations for the production of standard-compliant fuels, preferably gasoline (according to EN 228), diesel (according to EN 590 or EN 15940) and kerosene (according to ASTM D7566 or ASTM D1566), starting from CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 by an integrated processing of Fischer-Tropsch raw products via different process steps with recycling of hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases remaining after the processing into the RWGS before the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

A feedstock delivery system transfers a carbonaceous material, such as municipal solid waste, into a product gas generation system. The feedstock delivery system includes a splitter for splitting bulk carbonaceous material into a plurality of carbonaceous material streams. Each stream is processed using a weighing system for gauging the quantity of carbonaceous material, a densification system for forming plugs of carbonaceous material, a de-densification system for breaking up the plugs of carbonaceous material, and a gas and carbonaceous material mixing system for forming a carbonaceous material and gas mixture. A pressure of the mixing gas is reduced prior to mixing with the carbonaceous material, and the carbonaceous material to gas weight ratio is monitored. A transport assembly conveys the carbonaceous material and gas mixture to a first reactor where at least the carbonaceous material within the mixture is subject to thermochemical reactions to form the product gas.

The present invention includes a method for converting renewable energy source electricity and a hydrocarbon feedstock into a liquid fuel by providing a source of renewable electrical energy in communication with a synthesis gas generation unit and an air separation unit. Oxygen from the air separation unit and a hydrocarbon feedstock is provided to the synthesis gas generation unit, thereby causing partial oxidation reactions in the synthesis gas generation unit in a process that converts the hydrocarbon feedstock into synthesis gas. The synthesis gas is then converted into a liquid fuel.

The present invention generally relates to improved catalysts that provide for reduced product contaminants, related methods and improved reaction products. It more specifically relates to improved direct fuel production and redox catalysts that provide for reduced levels of certain oxygenated contaminants, methods related to the use of those catalysts, and hydrocarbon fuel or fuel-related products that have improved characteristics. In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of converting one or more carbon-containing feedstocks into one or more hydrocarbon liquid fuels. The method includes the steps of: converting the one or more carbon-containing feedstocks into syngas; and, converting the syngas to one or more hydrocarbons (including liquid fuels) and a water fraction. The water fraction comprises less than 500 ppm of one or more carboxylic acids.

Disclosed herein is a method of producing a product comprising C2-C5 hydrocarbons and C6-C18 hydrocarbons comprising the steps of: a) converting synthesis gas to the product comprising C2-C5 hydrocarbons and C6-C18 hydrocarbons in a first reactor; b) removing the product comprising C2-C5 hydrocarbons and C6-C18 hydrocarbons from the first reactor; c) reintroducing the C6-C18 hydrocarbons into the first reactor and/or introducing the C6-C18 hydrocarbons into a cooling jacket of the first reactor; and d) performing an exothermic reaction in the first reactor, thereby transferring heat from the exothermic reaction to the C6-C18 hydrocarbons, thereby storing heat in the C6-C18 hydrocarbons.

A pyrolysis and gasification system produce a synthesis gas and bio-char from a biomass feedstock. The system includes a feed hopper that has a flow measurement device. The system also includes a reactor that is operable in a gasification mode or a pyrolysis mode. The reactor is configured to receive the biomass feedstock from the feed hopper. The reactor is operable to provide heat to the biomass feedstock from the feed hopper to produce the synthesis gas and bio-char. The system also includes a cyclone assembly. The produced synthesis gas including the bio-char is fed to the cyclone assembly. The cyclone assembly removes a portion of the bio-char from the synthesis gas.