The present application provides a composition comprising 8-30 mass % of C.sub.4-12 linear alkanes, 5-50 mass % of C.sub.4-12 branched alkanes, 25-60 mass % of C.sub.5-12 cycloalkanes, 1-25 mass of C.sub.6-12 aromatic hydrocarbons, no more than 1 mass% of alkenes, and no more than 0.5 mass % in total of oxygen-containing compounds; wherein the total amount of C.sub.4-12 alkanes is 40-80 mass %, and the total amount of C.sub.4-12 alkanes, C.sub.5-12 cycloalkanes and C.sub.6-12 aromatic hydrocarbons is at least 95 mass %; and wherein the amounts are based on the mass of the composition. Also described is a method for producing the composition comprising the step of hydroprocessing a biological feedstock using a catalyst and the step of fractionating the product of the hydroprocessing step.

This disclosure relates to red mud compositions. This disclosure also relates to methods of making red mud compositions. This disclosure additionally relates to methods of using red mud compositions.

Described herein are processes for hydroisomerising an unconventional feedstock using a hydroisomerisation catalyst comprising zeolite SSZ-91, zeolite SSZ-32, or zeolite SSZ-32x to provide a diesel fuel.

The disclosure describes a one-step liquid biphasic catalytic process for converting a carbohydrate-containing feedstock, preferably lignocellulose, to light naphtha (e.g., hexane, pentane, methyl cyclopentane, cyclohexane, etc.) in the presence of an acidic reactive aqueous phase and a redox catalyst in the organic extracting/reaction phase. The process provides a cost-effective route for producing light-naphtha components, in presence or not of deoxygenates. The light naphtha components are useful as feedstock for steam and catalytic cracking to produce value-added platform molecules like ethylene and propylene, as precursor for the synthesis of bioaromatics like benzene and as gasoline fuel feedstock, and as fuel additives (e.g., the concomitantly formed oxygenates) to improve the biological origin of carbon in the fuel.

The invention provides a process for preparing SAPO-11, that comprises combining in an aqueous solution alumina source, P 2 O source and a silica source in the presence of a crystallization template and a surfactant to form a gel, which is then subjected to hydrothermal crystallization and calcination. The so-formed SAPO-11, which possesses unique silicon distribution, high resistance to hydrothermal degradation (desilication) and high surface area, forms another aspect of the invention. Hydroprocessing of a vegetable oil in the presence of a catalyst comprising the Pt and SAPO-11 of the invention is also demonstrated.

An aspect of the present disclosure is a method that includes contacting an oxygenated compound and hydrogen (H.sub.2) with a solid catalyst, where the solid catalyst includes a metal carbide that includes a first transition metal, and the contacting converts at least a portion of the oxygenated compound to a deoxygenated compound. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the metal carbide may include at least one of Mo.sub.2C and/or W.sub.2C.

Disclosed herein is a catalyst for producing biodiesel, including a carrier having water resistance and an active component supported on the carrier and used in a hydrotreating reaction or a decarboxylation reaction. Since the catalyst for producing biodiesel includes a carrier having strong water resistance, the deactivation of the catalyst due to the water produced through a process of producing HBD can be prevented, thus remarkably improving the long term stability of a catalyst.

Described herein are processes for hydroisomerising an unconventional feedstock using a hydroisomerisation catalyst comprising zeolite SSZ-91, zeolite SSZ-32, or zeolite SSZ-32x to provide a diesel fuel.

Systems and methods are provided for processing a bio-derived feedstock in a commercial scale reactor to form renewable distillate boiling range fractions while managing the heat release. The management of the heat release is achieved in part by introducing 1.0 vol % or more of CO into at least a portion of the reaction environment for hydroprocessing of the bio-derived feedstock. The 1.0 vol % or more of CO can selectively reduce the activity of hydrotreating catalyst for olefin saturation.

Bimetallic catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) conversion of lignin into useful hydrocarbons are provided. The catalysts are bifunctional bimetallic ruthenium catalysts Ru-M/X.sup.+Y comprising a metal M such as iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) or zinc (Zn), zeolite Y and cation X.sup.+ (e.g. H.sup.+) associated with zeolite Y.