A reactor has an inner surface accessible to the hydrocarbon and comprising a sintered product of at least one of cerium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, boehmite and silicon dioxide, and a perovskite material of formula: A.sub.aB.sub.bC.sub.cD.sub.dO.sub.3-. 0<a<1.2, Gb1.2, 0.9<a+b1.2, O<c<1.2, 0d1.2, 0.9<c+d1.2, 0.5<<0.5. A is selected from calcium, strontium, barium, and any combination thereof. B is selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and any combination thereof. C is selected from cerium, zirconium, antimony, praseodymium, titanium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, tin, terbium and any combination thereof. D is selected from lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetiura, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, gallium, indium, tin, antimony and any combination thereof.

A coke catching apparatus for use in hydrocarbon cracking to assist in the removal of coke and the prevention of coke build up in high coking hydrocarbon processing units. The apparatus includes a grid device for preventing large pieces of coke from entering the outlet of the process refining equipment while lowing small pieces of coke to pass through and be disposed of. The coke catching apparatus can be easily disassembled to be removed from the refining process equipment and cleaned.

A coke catching apparatus for use in hydrocarbon cracking to assist in the removal of coke and the prevention of coke build up in high coking hydrocarbon processing units. The apparatus includes a grid device for preventing large pieces of coke from entering the outlet of the process refining equipment while lowing small pieces of coke to pass through and be disposed of. The coke catching apparatus can be easily disassembled to be removed from the refining process equipment and cleaned.

The invention relates to a pipe for thermal cracking of hydrocarbons in the presence of steam, in which the feed mixture is guided through externally heated pipes, wherein the pipe extends along a longitudinal axis and has a number N.sub.T of grooves that have been introduced into the inner surface of the pipe and extend in a helix around the longitudinal axis along the inner surface, the inner surface into which the grooves have been introduced, in a cross section at right angles to the longitudinal axis, has a diameter Di and a radius r.sub.1=Di/2, the grooves in the cross section at right angles to the longitudinal axis, in their groove base, each have the form of a circular arc and the circular arc has a radius r.sub.2, and
the grooves each have a groove depth TT which, in the cross section at right angles to the longitudinal axis, corresponds in each case to the smallest distance between the circle having the diameter Di on which the inner surface lies and the center of which lies on the longitudinal axis, and the furthest removed point of the groove base of the grooves from the longitudinal axis.

A method and apparatus of reducing thermal shock in one or more radiant tubes of a pyrolysis furnace is provided. The apparatus is a furnace comprising a blower and blower bypass conduit providing separate fluid communication paths for flue gas from the convection section to a natural draft flue gas stack. The method comprises the steps of: redirecting at least a portion of the flue gas through the blower bypass conduit when a blower shut-off event is indicated as well as reducing the firing rate of the furnace.

A method and apparatus of reducing thermal shock in one or more radiant tubes of a pyrolysis furnace is provided. The apparatus is a furnace comprising a blower and blower bypass conduit providing separate fluid communication paths for flue gas from the convection section to a natural draft flue gas stack. The method comprises the steps of: redirecting at least a portion of the flue gas through the blower bypass conduit when a blower shut-off event is indicated as well as reducing the firing rate of the furnace.

Methods and systems for managing a decomposition process are disclosed. An example method can comprise estimating a coking rate for a process based on a coking model. The coking model can comprise a pyrolytic coking term and a catalytic coking term. An example method can comprise, performing at least a portion of the process, receiving a parameter for the process, and adjusting an operation of the process based on the parameter.

Methods and systems for managing a decomposition process are disclosed. An example method can comprise estimating a coking rate for a process based on a coking model. The coking model can comprise a pyrolytic coking term and a catalytic coking term. An example method can comprise, performing at least a portion of the process, receiving a parameter for the process, and adjusting an operation of the process based on the parameter.

The invention relates weldments useful as heat transfer tubes in pyrolysis furnaces. The invention relates to tubes that are useful in pyrolysis furnaces. The weldments include a tubular member and at least one mixing element. The tubular member comprises an aluminum-containing alloy. The mixing element comprises an aluminum-containing alloy. The mixing element's aluminum-containing alloy can be the same as or different from the tubular member's aluminum-containing alloy. Other aspects of the invention relate to pyrolysis furnaces which include such weldments, and the use of such pyrolysis furnaces for hydrocarbon conversion processes such as steam cracking.

The invention relates weldments useful as heat transfer tubes in pyrolysis furnaces. The invention relates to tubes that are useful in pyrolysis furnaces. The weldments include a tubular member and at least one mixing element. The tubular member comprises an aluminum-containing alloy. The mixing element comprises an aluminum-containing alloy. The mixing element's aluminum-containing alloy can be the same as or different from the tubular member's aluminum-containing alloy. Other aspects of the invention relate to pyrolysis furnaces which include such weldments, and the use of such pyrolysis furnaces for hydrocarbon conversion processes such as steam cracking.